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7. THE TEACHINGS OF PLATO
Economic ideas occupied a significant place in the writings of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC)
Summary a task teachings Plato - a way out of the crisis of the slave-owning state.
His projects were a new phenomenon in the history of Greek economic thought.
Their meaning is as follows:
1) exaggeration of the role of the state - the state can completely regulate all relations of economic and political life by its prescriptions;
2) saving classes - some must work, others - to fight, others - to manage, and the situation cannot change;
3) the social system of Sparta is the primary and most pure.
His best known work "Politics or State". Plato's socio-economic concept received concentrated expression in the project ideal state. Plato considered the state as a community of people generated by nature itself, for the first time expressing the idea of the inevitability of dividing the state (city) into two parts: rich and poor.
Plato paid great attention to the problem division of labor, considering it as a natural phenomenon. His concept substantiated the innate inequality of people. He interpreted the division into free and slave as a normal state given by nature itself. Slaves were seen as the main productive force, and their exploitation as a means of enriching slave owners. Only Greeks could be free citizens. Barbarians and foreigners turned into slaves.
The main branch of the economy Plato considered agriculture, but he also approved of crafts. He saw the economic basis of the state in a subsistence economy based on the exploitation of slaves. With natural division of labor Plato bound the need sharing. He allowed small trade, which was designed to serve the division of labor. However, in general, to trade, especially large ones, to trading profits Plato was very negative. In his opinion, trade should be mainly carried out by foreigners, slaves. For a free Greek, he considered trade unworthy and even shameful.
In an ideal state Plato free people were divided into three estates:
1) philosophers called upon to govern the state;
2) warriors whose duty is to protect the people;
3) landowners, artisans and small merchants, whose duty is the material production of goods necessary for the whole society. They cannot do without a personal interest in the results of their labor, and they are allowed to have private property.
Slaves were not included in any of these classes. They were equated with inventory, were considered as talking tools of production. Philosophers and warriors made up the highest part of society, about which Plato showed special concern. He intended to provide them with socialized consumption, which gave rise to interpret this as a kind of "aristocratic communism."
Project Plato, set out in "Politics and the State", has undergone an unsuccessful attempt at implementation.
Author: Tatarnikov E.A.
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