History of Economic Thought. The emergence of Marxism as an economic doctrine (the most important)

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History of Economic Thought. The emergence of Marxism as an economic doctrine (the most important)

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36. ORIGIN OF MARXISM AS AN ECONOMIC DOCTRINE

Marxism arose in the 19th century. as a reflection of processes in the social life of Europe at the end of the 18th century. At this time, industrial revolutions took place (the transition from manufactories to factories). The emergence of Marxist political economy was the most outstanding event in the history of world economic thought in the 19th century.

The founders of Marxism made revolution in economic thought:

1) in understanding the subject and method of research;

2) in the interpretation of the categories of capitalism;

3) in understanding the social nature of capitalism. This coup was revolutionary. Outstanding representatives of Marxism - Karl Marx (1818-1883) и Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). Formation of Marxism was prepared by the entire course of historical development, which created the necessary prerequisites for this event. They were diverse and matured under the influence of heterogeneous factors:

1) were important historical conditions, inextricably linked with the collapse of feudalism and the establishment of capitalism.

First stage the formation of Marxist doctrine refers to 40s XIX century., when feudalism was replaced by capitalism in the advanced countries of the world. This process was accompanied and accelerated by the intensification of the class struggle and revolutionary upheavals. Thus, the prerequisites were created for the emergence of the Marxist doctrine of socio-economic formations and their change as the essential content of the world-historical process, the basis of its periodization. This doctrine was developed K. Marx и F. Engels also in 1840s. and then began to play an extremely important role in the development of Marxism, making it possible to separate bourgeois political economy from the anti-historicism and determine the historical place of the communal system, slavery, feudalism, capitalism. It became obvious that capitalism is also transitory and will eventually give way to socialism;

2) in the formation of the economic prerequisites for Marxism, an important role was played by industrial revolution in England. Started in the 70s. XVIII century, it developed quite intensively and was basically completed by 1825. Since 1825, economic crises of overproduction began to recur periodically in England. This indicated that its economy had become capitalist;

3) in 1840s industrial revolution intensively developed in the USA and France, affected Germany, Russia, was brewing in Japan. A different economic situation arose than in the days of A. Smith и D. Ricardo. The necessary prerequisites have emerged for a deep and comprehensive analysis of capitalism.

Assessing the consequences of the Industrial Revolution in England has become an important topic of economic research Marx и Engels. The English factory system brought about an unprecedented development of the productive forces.

The progressiveness of capitalism has become obvious, the determining importance of productive forces for the development of capitalist society was clearly revealed, namely: 1) production relations;

2) class structure;

3) political system;

4) ideological superstructure.

Author: Tatarnikov E.A.

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