History of Economic Thought. Historical school of Germany (most important)

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History of Economic Thought. Historical school of Germany (most important)

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41. HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF GERMANY

The beginning of economic science in Germany was laid Friedrich List (1789-1846), a famous scientist and patriot who repeatedly had to sacrifice his career and well-being for the right to defend the idea of unifying the country (which happened in 1871). Germany 1830-1860s gave the history of economic teachings the first example of open criticism of the ideas of the classical school.

The core of views F. Liszt served theory of "national economy", developed in the work "A National System of Political Economy" (1842).

He claimed that the economy of each specific country develops according to its own laws, which depend on its history, traditions, legislation. Therefore, each country should create its own “national economy”. This theory differed from the political economy of the classical school, whose representatives believed that it was pointless to look for economic laws that were universal for each country. Representatives of the classical historical school, in essence, transferred the conclusions drawn from the experience of England to the whole world and declared these conclusions to be “universal economic laws.”

Their positions were also opposite on the issue role of the state in the economy. Representatives of the historical school considered active state policy a necessary condition for economic progress, in contrast to the non-intervention of the state in the economy among the “classics.” This reflected the historical characteristics of Germany in the 19th century, where the state served as the “locomotive” of economic progress. The discrepancy also concerned the exchange rate foreign economic policy: if the classics defended free trade, then the “historians” were supporters of the policy of protectionism (protection, creation of favorable conditions for their own producers).

The peak of popularity of the tradition of German economic science was reached during the period of activity "new historical school" Herbert Schmoller (1838-1917), Luyo Brentano (1844-1931).

Their supporters and followers in 60-80 XIX century. almost monopolized the departments of Europe. This period is often characterized as crisis of economic science. This is not without reason, since the traditions of the historical school are nihilism in relation to any theoretical generalizations and abstractions, without which science is unthinkable.

More or less successful options have become an interesting area of research for the historical school. periodization of general economic history.

F. List singled out five stages in economic history:

1) stage of wildness;

2) the shepherd's stage;

3) agricultural stage;

4) agricultural and manufacturing stage;

5) agricultural-manufactory-commercial stage.

The merit of the historical school is that:

1) representatives of this school were the first to point out significant differences in economic systems;

2) emphasized the humanitarian nature of economic science;

3) at the same time, they denied economic science as a science, since they did not strive to explain and foresee the tendencies of economic development (as classics), but only to describe, accumulate facts, leaving history to draw conclusions.

Author: Tatarnikov E.A.

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