История экономических учений. Экономические взгляды Сисмонди Симонд де Жан Шарль Леонар (самое важное)

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История экономических учений. Экономические взгляды Сисмонди Симонд де Жан Шарль Леонар (самое важное)

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31. ECONOMIC VIEWS OF SIMONDI SIMOND DE JEAN CHARLES LEONARD

Sismondi Simond de Jean Charles Leonard (1773-1842) - Swiss economist and historian. He was the first to scientifically criticize the economic system of capitalism, opponent of many ideas of classical political economy.

In political economy Sismondi saw not the science of wealth and ways to increase it, but the science of improving the social mechanism. Increasing the production of goods is not an end in itself, and is not itself an indicator of wealth if in the process of its distribution the majority receives pitiful crumbs.

At the center of Sismondi's economic theory were problems of markets and sales of the created product. In contrast to supporters of classical political economy (aggregate demand automatically adapts to aggregate supply, and therefore a general crisis of production is not possible), Sismondi put forward thesis about the persistence of crises of overproduction in a capitalist economy. The argument is the prevailing position in economic literature that workers' wages tend to the subsistence level.

Unlike Malthus Sismondi he sees the reason for this not in the "natural" laws of nature, but in specific capitalist relations, in the striving of the capitalists to squeeze as much profit as possible out of their workers. Here Sismondi считает profit deducted from the product of the labor of the worker, like Ricardo.

Possibility of minimizing wages Sismondi associated with the process of displacement of labor by machines, i.e. with rising unemployment, which forces workers to be hired for lower wages. A decrease in workers' income reduces aggregate demand, since machines, without knowing, according to the expression Sismondi, “no needs”, do not present any demand. Entrepreneurs accumulate the income they receive, i.e., the economy’s ability to produce more and more goods encounters insufficient demand from the main productive classes.

In this regard, Sismondi в 1819 BC in "New beginnings of political economy" expresses an idea that is absurd for representatives of classical political economy: “People can go bankrupt not only because they spend too much, but also because they spend too little.”. After all, according to Smith и Ricardo it is frugality and accumulation that are the key to the wealth of a nation.

The paradox is thatwhat a view Sismondi about permanent crises of overproduction under capitalism follows from the provisions of classical political economy (the provisions A. Smith): the annual product of a nation is the sum of profit, wages, and rent that is spent on consumer goods.

After Smith Sismondi ignores the fact that the annual product includes the means of production. Moreover, with the growth of capital accumulation, the needs of the economy in the means of production create a special market, to a certain extent independent of the market for consumer goods. It was this mistake that led to the conclusion Sismondi about the inevitability of constant crises of overproduction under capitalism, where he sees salvation from them in the existence intermediate populations, primarily small commodity producers who have significant demand for the created product, and in expansion of foreign markets.

Author: Tatarnikov E.A.

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