geothermal resources. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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The temperature of the Earth increases with depth, by an average of 30...35°C for every thousand meters submerged. In some regions of the planet with "young" rocks, with volcanic activity and earthquakes, the temperature rise gradient is much larger, high-temperature layers occur at shallow depths. Molten lava sometimes flows to the surface during volcanic eruptions. If water flows through porous rocks and cracks in the earth's crust into high-temperature layers, jets of steam and hot water - geysers - burst out to the surface. The total geothermal energy coming from the bowels of the Earth to its surface is estimated at 32 GW.

In 1904, for the first time in Italy, geothermal steam was used to generate electricity in a steam power plant. Currently, the Larderello Geothermal Power Plant in Italy has a capacity of about 400 MW. Geothermal energy has developed in a number of countries. In the first years of the 233st century, 5136 Geothermal power plants operated in the world, their total capacity was 117 MW, 2017 more stations with a total capacity of 40 MW are under construction. The leading place in the world is occupied by the USA (more than 900% of operating capacities). At the GeoTPP of the Philippine Islands, the installed capacity is about 700 MW, in Mexico - 500, in Italy - 21, in Russia - XNUMX MW.

In addition to generating electricity, the heat of the Earth can also be used for heat supply. Since 1943, work has begun on heating with thermal waters in Iceland, now the capital of the country, Reykjavik, with a population of 90 thousand people, is almost completely heated by the internal heat of the Earth. In the city of Kizlyar (Dagestan), in 1988, a heating and hot water supply system for the village was created from 15 thirty-apartment residential buildings, industrial and utility enterprises.

Russia has potential reserves of geothermal energy in volcanic areas in Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, and platform foothill areas in a number of regions. The annual fuel equivalent of geothermal sources suitable for use (with a salt content in the coolant of less than 10 g per liter) in the Caucasus and the Ciscaucasia is estimated at 2 million tons of standard fuel, in Kamchatka and the Kuriles at 1,8 million tons, in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East at 3,4 million tons, in Western Siberia at 10 million tons. Under Western Siberia, on a vast area of ​​3 million km, a whole underground sea was discovered with a water temperature of 60 ... 110°C. Until recently, the low cost of fossil fuels led to the fact that these resources were used very poorly (Mutnovskaya and Pauzhetskaya Geo-TPPs in Kamchatka, geothermal heat supply systems in the Caucasus).

The highest parameters of the coolant (steam) occur at one of the fields in Mexico at a depth of 1500 meters - temperature 365°C, pressure 5,5 MPa. For Russian wells with a depth of 500 m to 3 km, steam-water mixtures are typical with a degree of dryness from 20 to 50%, with temperatures up to 250 ° C and enthalpies in the range of 1500 ... 2600 kJ / kg. A single well of the Mutnovskaya GeoTPP produces up to 80 tons of steam-water mixture per hour; it is capable of providing a steam turbine unit with a capacity of up to 10 MW. An important advantage of geothermal energy is independence from the time of day and year, climate zone, meteorological conditions. The disadvantages of geothermal energy include the mineralization of the steam-water mixture, saturation with gases (including poisonous hydrogen sulfide), and a large amount of the smallest solid particles.

Author: Labeish V.G.

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