History and theory of religions. Sufism and Hesychasm (the most important)

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History and theory of religions. Sufism and Hesychasm (the most important)

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46. Sufism and hesychasm

The first Muslim mystics - Sufis (from Arabic suf - "wool". Clothes of Sufi ascetics - sackcloth) - appeared already at the end of the XNUMXth century, and Sufism as a doctrine and practice of Islamic mysticism finally took shape in the XNUMXth century. in. Until the XI-XII centuries. Sufis were persecuted as heretics in official Islam.

The central concept of Sufism - tariqa (Arabic "way, road") - goes back to the Koran and means religious and moral self-improvement as a path to mystical comprehension of God (including with frequent special prayers, with an ascetic image).

The most famous Sufi Hallaj (al-Hallyaj) was executed in 922 in Baghdad. Experiencing mystical union with Allah, he ecstatically proclaimed: "I am the true one" (i.e., "I am God"), which, of course, sounded blasphemous to orthodox ears. The Sufi was the famous mocker and paradoxist Khoja Nasreddin, who became the hero of Arab folklore.

In early Sufism, as in almost every mystical teaching, there was much that was vague, illogical, and chaotic. The mystical fog of the Sufis was opposed by the sobriety of official Islam. And, nevertheless, official Islam did not suppress Sufism, did not force it into heresy, but, unlike mature Christianity, it included the main mystical ideas in itself, in its main doctrine. It happened thanks to Ghazali in the XNUMXth century. Ghazali acted not only as a critic of Sufism, but also as an outstanding reformer of Islam. He successfully reconciled the traditional rationalism of Islam and the mysticism of the Sufis, thus introducing mystical ideas into official Islam.

"Hesychasm" in Greek means "peace, silence, detachment"; hesychasts - "those who are at rest." The mystical-philosophical doctrine of the hesychasts took shape in the 1296th-1359th centuries. in the ascetic practice of Egyptian and Sinai monks. In the XIV century. it was significantly updated in the writings of the Byzantine theologian Metropolitan of Thessalonica, St. Gregory Palamas (XNUMX-XNUMX). In a polemic with Western rationalist theologians, defending the thesis of the uncreated (non-creature) of the "light of Tabor", Palamas taught to see God with "spiritual eyes", that is, mentally, with inner vision; taught to turn to God with a mental, i.e., mental (silent) prayer and in concentrated silence to achieve merging with God.

As is usual with mystics, hesychasts combined special psychosomatic and breathing exercises with silent prayer. Prolonged concentration on one word or verbal formula, as well as silence, led Hesychasts to a pietic perception of the main verbal-linguistic symbols of the teaching.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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