History and theory of religions. Vedic religion (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Vedic religion (most important)

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20. Vedic religion

The Vedic religion is a complex, gradually developing complex of religious and mythological ideas and their corresponding rituals and cult rites. The Vedic religion is polytheistic, it is characterized by anthropomorphism, and the hierarchy of the gods is not closed, the same properties and attributes are alternately attributed to different gods. In the Rig Veda, Indra plays an important role - the god of thunder and a warrior who destroys the enemies of the Aryans. A significant place is occupied by Agni - the god of fire. The list of deities of the Rigvedic pantheon continues with Surya (the god of the sun), Soma (the god of the intoxicating drink of the same name used in rituals), Ushas (the goddess of the dawn), Dyaus (the god of heaven), Vayu (the god of the winds) and many others.

Some deities, such as Vishnu, Shiva or Brahma, break into the first ranks of deities only in later Vedic texts. The world of supernatural beings is supplemented by various spirits - enemies of gods and people (rakshasas and asuras).

In some Vedic hymns there is a general principle that could explain individual phenomena and processes of the surrounding world. This principle is the universal cosmic order (rta), which rules over everything, the gods are also subject to it. And although the mouth is an impersonal principle, sometimes the god Varuna acts as its bearer and guardian.

The basis of the Vedic cult is the sacrifice, through which the follower of the Vedas appeals to the gods in order to ensure the fulfillment of his desires. Sacrifice is omnipotent, and if correctly brought, then a positive result is guaranteed. Ritual practice is devoted to a significant part of the Vedic texts, in particular the Brahmins. Vedic ritualism, which concerns almost all spheres of human life, guarantees a special position for the brahmins, the former performers of the cult.

And in the later Vedic texts - the Brahmanas - there is a statement about the origin and emergence of the world. In addition, in the Brahmins there are provisions pointing to various forms of breathing (prana) as the primary manifestations of being.

The Brahmins are, first of all, the practical guides of the Vedic ritual, cult practice and the mythological expositions associated with it - this is their main content. In the Brahmins there is no complete religious and philosophical system, although for the first time some concepts are formulated in them, which become the central theme of the Upanishads. Later Hinduism is largely associated with Brahmin mythology.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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