History and theory of religions. "Torah" and "Talmud" (the most important)

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History and theory of religions. "Torah" and "Talmud" (the most important)

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25. "Torah" and "Talmud"

"Torah" includes the Decalogue (Ten Commandments) and the "Pentateuch of Moses": the first five books of the Old Testament - the Tanakh (a compound abbreviated word made up of the first sounds of the names of the main parts of the Old Testament). "Torah" in Judaism is the most authoritative part of the Tanakh (Old Testament). This is the main document of Judaism and the basis of all later Jewish law. "Torah" ("Pentateuch of Moses") in the Jewish tradition has another name - the Written Law. The Torah was given by God through Moses. The Jews believed that God gave Moses not only the Written Law, but also gave him the Oral Law, a legal commentary explaining how laws should be followed in different circumstances. His oldest and most authoritative writings constituted the Mishnah ("second law"), which became the foundation of the Talmud. The Mishnah contains 63 treatises, in which the instructions of the Torah are presented systematically (by branches of law and subjects). After the codification, generations of Jewish sages carefully studied and discussed the precepts of the Mishnah. The records of these disputes and additions are called "Gemara".

The Mishnah and the Gemara make up the Talmud, the most comprehensive compilation of Jewish law. The Talmud took shape over 9 centuries. It is an encyclopedically complete collection of all kinds of prescriptions based on the Tanakh, as well as additions and interpretations to the Tanakh.

The Talmud has two main parts:

1) more important and responsible - the legislative code "Halacha", mandatory for study in Jewish schools;

2) "Aggadah" - a collection of folk wisdom of semi-folklore origin. "Aggadah" was studied to a lesser extent, but was popular as a moral and religious edifying reading and a source of information about the world and nature.

A new generation of commentators created their own commentary on the Mishnah. And over time, several competing sets of interpretations became in circulation, of which the most important are the Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud. At the same time, the earliest commentary - "Tosefta" - was necessary for understanding the subsequent sets of interpretations and served as a kind of introduction to them.

The creators of the Talmud were fully aware of its immensity and the difficulties associated with it in its practical use. The Talmud was codified more than once, systematized extracts were made from it, and abridged expositions were created. The legal sections of the Talmud became the foundation of Jewish law. Most sections of the Talmud have a similar structure: first, a law from the Mishnah is quoted, followed by a discussion of interpreters about its content from the Gemara.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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