History and theory of religions. Judaism (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Judaism (most important)

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24. Judaism

Judaism, along with Christianity and Islam, belongs to the Abrahamic religions, which trace their origins to the biblical patriarch Abraham. Unlike Christianity and Islam, Judaism is classified in religious literature not as a world religion, but as a religion of the Jewish people. Judaism is centered on faith - the faith of the people of Israel in God. And this God is not an absent or indifferent God, but a God who communicates his will to mankind. This will is revealed in the Torah, the guide that God has given people to live by. The faith of the Jews is in the love and power of God to convey their goals to all mankind.

Judaism, therefore, is a world religion, not only in terms of geographical distribution, but also in terms of its horizons. It is a religion for the whole world, not because everyone should become Jews, for the goal of Judaism is absolutely not like that, but based on their belief that the world belongs to God, and people should behave in accordance with His will.

The genre idea, the very idea of the Creed belongs to Christianity, and, strictly speaking, only in Christianity the term creed is completely organic. However, in every religion, especially in a religion that is attentive to the word and to the structure of its teaching, there are analogues of the Creed - a specially composed text, summarizing the most important truths of the faith, read as a sign of fidelity to the teaching.

The creed of Judaism was compiled by the outstanding Jewish thinker of the Middle Ages, Moses Maimonides, the author of The Guide to the Lost, one of the early logical-theological Commentaries on the Torah. The creed formulated by Maimonides consists of 13 provisions, including the uniqueness of God, the divine origin of the Torah, the afterlife. This text is still included in many Jewish prayer books.

Rabbi Yosef Telushkin writes that the Judaic Symbol is most accurately expressed in the biblical verse from Deuteronomy (2, 4): "Listen, Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one." The main thing that lies in it is the monotheism of the Jewish faith. And in our time, believers read this text four times a day - as a prayer and a symbol of devotion to God.

In Judaism, the initial teaching of the foundations of faith is carried out according to the "Torah" and its commentaries.

The main document of Judaism is the Torah. "Torah" includes the Decalogue (Ten Commandments) and the "Pentateuch of Moses": the first five books of the Old Testament - the Tanakh (a compound abbreviated word made up of the first sounds of the names of the main parts of the Old Testament). "Torah" in Judaism is the most authoritative part of the Tanakh (Old Testament). This is the main document of Judaism and the basis of all later Jewish law.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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