History and theory of religions. Jewish Theology (Most Important)

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History and theory of religions. Jewish Theology (Most Important)

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26. Jewish theology

In Judaism, theology (or theology) as a theoretical doctrine of God began to develop after the addition of the religious canon. After the tragic defeat of the Jews in two anti-Roman uprisings, the task of the book "strengthening the faith" was recognized in Judaism as a kind of spiritual overcoming of the catastrophe. In the Talmud, the theological component proper was relatively small. Eschatological ideas become much more distinct in it: the end of the world, the Last Judgment, the resurrection from the dead, the afterlife retribution for man for his deeds. Theologically, the strengthening of monotheism is also significant.

Apophatic theology proceeds from the complete transcendence of God. Therefore, in apophatic theology, only negative judgments about God are recognized as true ("God is not a man", "God is not nature"). Positive judgments about God are impossible.

Cataphatic theology admits the possibility of characterizing God with the help of positive (positive) definitions and designations, which should not be understood literally and directly.

The name of the God of the Jews, Yahweh, is not strictly speaking in the Bible. The name Yahweh (Jehovah) arose in the XIII-XV centuries. among Christian theologians who studied the Old Testament in the original. These four consonants convey the first sounds of the Hebrew expression, which is interpreted as "I am who I am (God)." The name of God was pronounced only once a year (on the Day of Atonement) by the high priest, and the secret of its sound was transmitted orally along the senior line of the high priestly family. After the Babylonian captivity, around the XNUMXth century. BC e., the Jews stopped pronouncing this name in Divine services and when reading Scripture, replacing it with the word Elohim. This designation for God is the plural form of the Hebrew word meaning "God." In the Talmud, there are no longer those numerous characterizing names-epithets of God that the Tanakh abounds in: Eternal, Omniscient, Great in councils, Knowing the secrets of the heart, etc.

After the Talmud, Jewish theology develops in the works of many generations of scholars, including the outstanding thinker of the XNUMXth century. Martin Buber. The most famous Jewish thinker of the Middle Ages, Moses Maimonides, was a brilliant rationalist in theology. His Arabic "Teacher of the Lost" contains the logical and philosophical justification for monotheism. Defending and developing the rationalistic principles of Scripture, Maimonides systematized and supplemented the methods of interpretation of the Torah developed in the Talmud.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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Leader's growl 01.02.2015

Which leader is better perceived by the people - growling like a tiger or shouting slogans in a sonorous voice? It depends on cultural preferences. However, the meaning of the speech may not matter. People determine what kind of leader is in front of them, an authoritarian or a technocrat, by the sound of the voice.

Such a study was conducted by Rosario Signorello of the University of California at Los Angeles, and the idea appeared due to a metamorphosis that happened to the former leader of the Italian League of the North, which advocates the secession of Padania - Umberto Bossi. In 2004, he had a stroke, after which the speech of the politician changed. Ironically, although his beliefs and practices remained the same, voters began to perceive him differently. If earlier in their eyes Bossi was an authoritarian tyrant, then after the blow he began to be perceived as a completely competent person (by the way, it was the popularity of the League of the North that more than once led to the victory of Silvio Berlusconi's party, in Italy he is called "pinocchio" for cunning manipulations, which can be freely translated as "master of the puppet theatre").

Signorello carried out the delexization of speeches - he removed the words from the records, leaving only the overflow of the voice, and tested it on volunteers. Everything turned out as he expected: it was the reduction in overflows in Bossy's speeches that led to a change in attitude towards him. A similar procedure was carried out with the votes of Portuguese and French politicians. The result turned out to be the same: if the main frequency of the voice is low, there are many overflows - the leader is perceived as an authoritarian. If he speaks in a relatively high voice, then the listener unconsciously concludes that it is possible to agree with this person that he will not put pressure on the person.

Signorello comes to the conclusion that the Italians still prefer leaders with authoritarian voices, while the French, on the contrary, do not like them: Francois Hollande is a typical representative of the speakers they like.

Unfortunately, Signorello also did not take into account speech defects, otherwise we might have learned about the magic of light grazing. However, the researcher's interest has now shifted to the voices of non-human primates.

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