History and theory of religions. Christian Theology (Most Important)

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History and theory of religions. Christian Theology (Most Important)

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30. Christian theology

In Christianity, theological theory has been developed to a much greater extent than in other theistic religions. An additional factor in the development of theology in early Christianity was the fight against heresies. In addition, the development of theology in Christianity, as in the history of other religions, was stimulated by the mystical search for religiously gifted individuals.

"The first theologian after the apostles" the Christian Church calls St. Irenaeus. His main work, entitled "Refutation and Refutation of the Doctrine Falsely Calling Itself Gnosis," contained a detailed polemic with Gnosticism. Tertullian (160-220), presbyter of Carthage, was the first to formulate the principle of the trinity of God and introduced the concept of persons ("hypostases") of the Trinity. Origen's contribution to the speculative doctrine is associated with the development of Christology (the doctrine of the nature of Christ) and the doctrine of salvation. Origen proved the inevitability of complete salvation, merging with God of all souls and the temporality of hellish torments. In his essay on the nature of Christ, the term god-man is encountered for the first time. St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (354-430), developed an ontological proof of the existence of God; the concept of faith as a prerequisite for all knowledge; the doctrine of sin and grace; first raised the so-called anthropological questions of Christianity. Augustine formulated that addition to the Creed, which distinguishes the Catholic version of the Creed from the Orthodox (the so-called filioque). Pope Gregory the Great (c. 540-604) went down in history as an outstanding church organizer and politician. St. John of Damascus (c. 615-753), the finalist of patristics, Byzantine philosopher and poet, first compiled a systematic and complete theology under the title "Source of Knowledge".

However, already in early Christianity, the rapid development of theology met with intra-confessional restrictions and prohibitions. Theological searches and disagreements were allowed, but only as long as they did not contradict Scripture and the authorities of the Church Fathers. Those doctrinal positions, judgments or opinions that were recognized by the Ecumenical Councils as universally binding Christian truths of the "first rank" received the status of dogmas, and their systematic exposition and justification constituted the subject of a special theological discipline - dogmatic theology. A brief set of basic dogmas is the Creed - the main text, repeating which believers testify to their Christian faith. The Catholic and Orthodox denominations differ somewhat in the composition of their dogmas.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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