History and theory of religions. Buddhism (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Buddhism (most important)

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22. Buddhism

In the VI century. BC e. In northern India, Buddhism arises - a doctrine founded by Siddhartha Gautama. After many years of useless austerity, he achieves awakening (bodhi), that is, he comprehends the correct path of life. Buddha means "enlightened one". Salvation consists in achieving nirvana - complete peace and tranquility that comes after all human desires, passions and fears have been overcome.

The Buddhist doctrine for a long time existed only in the oral tradition, and the canonical texts were written down several centuries after the appearance of the doctrine. The Buddha's sermons were originally not so much a new religious system as an ethical and psychotherapeutic teaching.

The center of the teachings are the four noble truths. The path leading to the elimination of suffering, the virtuous eightfold path, is as follows: right judgment, right decision, right speech, right living, right aspiration, right attention, and right concentration. Correct judgment is identified with a correct understanding of life as a vale of sorrow and suffering. Correct speech is characterized as artless, truthful. The right life consists in observing the precepts of morality. Both a life devoted to sensual pleasures and the path of asceticism and self-torture are rejected. The five basic principles of Buddhism are: do not harm living beings, do not take someone else's, refrain from forbidden sexual intercourse, do not make idle and false speech, and do not use intoxicating drinks.

The path to liberation from samsara is open only to monks, however, according to the teachings of the Buddha, the observance of ethical principles and the support of the community can prepare the prerequisites for entering the path of salvation in one of the future existences. A monk who has gone through all the stages of the eightfold path becomes an arhat, a saint.

Various directions and schools of Buddhism quickly begin to form. The Hinayana ("small vehicle") direction, in which the path to nirvana is completely open only to monks who have rejected worldly life, adhered most consistently to the original teachings of the Buddha. In the teachings of the Mahayana ("great vehicle"), the cult of bodhisattvas plays an important role - individuals who are already able to enter nirvana, but postpone the achievement of the final goal in order to help others achieve it.

Buddhism soon after its origin spread to Ceylon, later through China penetrated to the Far East. In China, Buddhism took the form of Ch'an Buddhism, in Japan, the form of Zen Buddhism.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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