History and theory of religions. Mythological epic and folklore (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Mythological epic and folklore (most important)

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9. Mythological epic and folklore

Folklore is historically the first artistic collective creativity of the people. If mythology is the collective "pre-religion" of antiquity, then folklore is the art of an unliterate people. Folklore develops from mythology. Consequently, folklore is not only a later phenomenon, but also different from mythology. The main difference between mythology and folklore is that myth is sacred knowledge about the world and an object of faith, while folklore is art, that is, an artistic and aesthetic representation of the world, and it is not necessary to believe in its veracity. But there is their genetic commonality: folklore in one form or another contains mythological components; folklore, like mythology, is collective.

Mythology nourished folklore, but archaic myths go back to such a deep - tens of millennia - antiquity that myths have not been preserved in most folklore traditions.

For primitive consciousness, myth is absolutely reliable: there are no "miracles" in myth, there are no differences between "natural" and "supernatural" - this opposition itself is alien to mythological consciousness.

The evolution of mythology into folklore can be understood as a history of changes in the nature of communication that included mythological and folklore texts.

The heroic epic in the artistic development of each people is the oldest form of verbal art, directly developed from myths. In the surviving epic of different peoples, different stages of this movement from myth to folk tale are presented - both quite early and typologically later. In general, those works of folk epic that were preserved until the time of the first collectors and researchers of folklore (that is, until the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries) in oral-song or oral form are closer to mythological origins than works that have long passed from oral literature to writing. - literary.

On the way from myth to folk epic, not only the content of communication, but also its structural features change dramatically. Myth is sacred knowledge, and epic is a story about the heroic, important and reliable, but not about the sacred.

Another line of evolution of myth into folklore genres is a fairy tale. The fairy tale grew out of myths that were included in the rites of initiation, that is, in the rituals associated with the initiation of boys and girls into the adult age class. A fairy tale consists precisely in a series of trials that the hero overcomes.

Becoming a fairy tale, myths lose their connection with ritual and magic, they lose their esoteric nature (that is, they cease to be the "secret" knowledge of the initiates) and therefore lose their magical power.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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