History and theory of religions. Naturalistic and atheistic concepts of the origin of religion (the most important)

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History and theory of religions. Naturalistic and atheistic concepts of the origin of religion (the most important)

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3. Naturalistic and atheistic conceptions of the origin of religion

According to the naturalistic concept, religion is born by the internal needs of the human body - its instincts, drives, physiological reactions. Psychoanalysis has created one of the options for a naturalistic explanation of religion. One of the representatives of this trend - Freud, he considered religious ideas as illusions, acting as "the fulfillment of the most ancient, strongest, obsessive desires of mankind: the secret of their strength lies in the strength of these desires." Erich Fromm explains the need for a person in religion, first of all, by his "existential conflict", which means "human dichotomy", a split between soul and body, separating a person from the animal kingdom. Religion E. Fromm calls "any system of thoughts and actions that provides the individual with a system of reference points and an object that he can worship." Some psychoanalysts believe that faith in God is necessary for a person. This opinion is shared, for example, by C. G. Jung. He created the theory of the "collective unconscious" containing archetypes - certain symbols, ideas and representations that are supposedly characteristic of the entire human race. The psychoanalytic school in the psychology of religion currently has many supporters among Western psychologists.

The atheistic concept of religion received its most consistent, complete development in Marxism. Religion has a social nature, since "the essence of man is not an abstract inherent in an individual, in its reality it is the totality of all social relations." The main reason for the existence of religion is the spontaneity of social development, when people are not able to consciously manage social relations.

Marxism considers its epistemological and psychological roots. The epistemological roots of religion are the possibilities for the formation of religion associated with the knowledge of the world. The essence of epistemological roots consists in absolutization, inflating the subjective side of human cognition. The ability of human thinking to isolate the general, essential and necessary, abstracting from the individual, is the greatest achievement of mankind, which made possible all the achievements of scientific, theoretical knowledge. The psychological roots of religion are rooted in the emotional sphere of the human psyche. They are not limited to a permanent sense of fear in an antagonistic society. The constant accumulation of negative experiences leads to the fact that a person is looking for means to get rid of negative emotions, resorting to the help of religion.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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