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2. Objective-idealistic and subjective-idealistic conceptions of the origin of religion
The objective-idealistic concept dominates theological and religious-philosophical literature.
The initial premise of this concept in explaining religion is the recognition of its supernatural source: God, the Absolute, in general - the transcendent.
Representatives of the objective-idealistic concept deduce the essence of religion from the presence in the world of an extra-natural Higher Beginning (Absolute, God, etc.). Man, as "created in the image and likeness of God", in their opinion, is initially endowed with an irresistible desire to merge with the Absolute. Hence the emergence of religion, which develops in parallel with the spiritual development of mankind, from its most primitive to its modern forms.
The postulation of a supernatural source of religion reduces the question of the existence and essence of religion to the question of the existence and essence of God. In Christian theology and religious philosophy, there are two tendencies in justifying the existence of God: rationalistic and irrationalistic.
Theologitomists and most religious philosophers advocate the use of the human mind to justify the existence of God. Thomas Aquinas, using Aristotle, developed the doctrine of the five proofs of the existence of God by means of the human mind and based on the study of natural processes.
There is also anthropological evidence. It consists in the fact that man is a being that belongs to two worlds and does not fit in this natural world of necessity, transcending himself as an empirically given being, discovering freedom that cannot be derived from this world.
The existence of God is revealed in the existence of the spirit in man. The virtue of a man is not to be subject to what is below him. But for this there must be something that is above it, although not outside it and not above it.
The subjective-idealistic concept of explaining the essence of religion originates in the writings of the German Protestant priest and theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher. The center of the religious problem is transferred by him to the sphere of consciousness of an individual, primarily to the area of his feelings. Schleiermacher's ideas were developed not only by liberal Protestant theology, but also by a number of bourgeois philosophers.
The most consistently subjective-idealistic conception was carried out by the representative of pragmatism, W. James. From the point of view of James, religion should be considered as a product of individual consciousness, as spontaneously arising subjective experiences of a person.
Modern philosophy of religion tries to avoid the extremes of subjectivism and irrationalism by combining subjective idealism with theology.
Author: Pankin S.F.
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