History and theory of religions. Followers of Confucius (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Followers of Confucius (most important)

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16. Followers of Confucius

Mencius was the successor of Confucius, he defended Confucianism from attacks from other schools of that time. As part of the development of Confucianism, Mencius developed the concept of human nature; he developed the thoughts of Confucius about the moral good and the attitude of the educated to this good.

Good is an abstract ethical category, which means order (li) when following the path (tao). According to Mencius, human nature is endowed with goodness, although this nature does not always manifest itself. The good in every person can be realized by the four virtues, the basis of which is knowledge. In the concept of Mencius, the principle of filial and fraternal virtue (xiao-ti) put forward by Confucius is consistently carried out.

Sky Mencius understands as an ideal force that endows a person with existence and social function. Man exists thanks to Heaven and therefore is a part of it, just like nature. The difference between Heaven, which informs man of the nature of his existence, and man can be overcome by cultivating, perfecting this nature to a pure form.

Xun Tzu, real name - Xun Qin (III century BC), arguing with Mencius, put forward opposite views on the essence of the sky, opposed the concept of human nature. Xun Tzu was the most prominent Confucian of the Hundred School period.

He understood the sky as permanent, having its own way (tian dao) and endowed with the power that informs man of essence and existence. Together with the earth, the sky connects the world into a single whole. It follows from this that man is part of nature. Noteworthy is the division of nature by Xun Tzu:

1) inanimate phenomena, consisting of qi - a material substance;

2) living phenomena, consisting of a material substance and possessing sheng - life;

3) phenomena consisting of a material substance, living and possessing zhi - consciousness;

4) a person, consisting of a material substance, living, possessing consciousness, having, in addition, moral consciousness.

Xun Tzu also deals with questions of the ontology of language. Conceptual assimilation of reality occurs with the help of the mind. Sensual contact with reality is the first stage of cognition, the next stage is rational cognition.

Xun Tzu transcends the classical understanding of order in Confucian social ethics. A person's abilities are not fatally, or hereditarily, predetermined, they must correspond to the upbringing received. This approach, as well as emphasizing the absolute authority of the ruler, brings him closer to the legalist school.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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