History and theory of religions. Followers of Taoism (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Followers of Taoism (most important)

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18. Followers of Taoism

Zhuangzi (369-286 BC) is the most prominent follower and propagandist of Taoism. In the field of ontology, he proceeded from the same principles as Lao Tzu. However, Chuang Tzu does not agree with his thoughts about the possibility of a "natural" ordering of society on the basis of knowledge of the Tao. He individualizes the knowledge of the Tao, that is, the process and end result of comprehending the nature of the existence of the world, up to the subjective submission to the surrounding reality. Fatalism, which was alien to Lao Tzu, is inherent in Chuang Tzu. He considers subjective indifference, first of all, as getting rid of emotions and interest. The value of all things is the same, because all things are inherent in the Tao, and they cannot be compared. The knowledge of truth, truth is not given to the person who knows: "Does it happen that someone is right and the other is wrong, or is it that both are right or both are wrong? darkness." “We say about something that it is true. If what is true should necessarily be so, then it would not be necessary to talk about how it differs from untruth.”

The later absolutization of these thoughts brought one of the branches of Taoism closer to Buddhism, which established itself on Chinese soil in IV. in. and especially in the XNUMXth century. n. e.

"Le Tzu" is the next of the Taoist texts and is attributed to the legendary philosopher Le Yukou (300th-XNUMXth centuries BC). It was written down around XNUMX BC. e.

Wen Tzu (XNUMXth century BC) was a student of Lao Tzu and a follower of Confucius.

From the point of view of later development, three types of Taoism are distinguished: philosophical (dao jia), religious (dao jiao) and immortal Taoism (xian).

Consistently rejecting all the institutions of their contemporary civilization, the Taoists rejected religion in the conventional sense of the term. Rejecting the divine Sky, the Taoists considered the Tao to be the source of everything, which, in their view, was the original qualityless substance and gave rise to all things. Things, on the other hand, consisted of the smallest "seeds" that can be identified with atoms. The Taoists saw death as the regrouping of these "seeds" so that the person, or part of him, becomes, or part of, a plant or an animal. Taoists developed the theory of the origin of man from lower animals.

If Confucianism is Chinese exotericism, then Taoism is Chinese esotericism. Taoism has much in common with Buddhism, which, in the form of Ch'an Buddhism, became widespread in China.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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