History and theory of religions. Quran (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Quran (most important)

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35. Quran

The Koran is from the Arabic kuran - literally - "reading what is read, pronounced." The Qur'an is also called the words "mushaf", "kitab" (in Arabic "book"); in the Qur'an itself, the Qur'an also uses the word "dhikr", i.e. "warning, reminder".

Its entire text is a direct speech of Allah (from the 1st person), addressed to the prophet Muhammad or through the prophet to people. "Deity in the first person" is the "main effect" of the style of the Qur'an and the secret of its inspiring power.

It is clear that the degree of sacredness of the direct word of God is higher than the sanctity of the "indirect".

The Qur'an was sent down to the prophet Muhammad by the angel Jibril on behalf of Allah on the night of the month of Ramadan 610. Everything he heard that night and in many subsequent days and nights for almost 20 years, Muhammad repeated word for word to his fellow tribesmen, preserving the "direct speech" of the Revelation of Allah.

Islamic teaching regards the Qur'an as a "complete prophecy" and sees in this its superiority over the holy books of the Jews and Christians. According to the Koran, Jews and Christians believe in the same God as Muslims - this is the ancient faith of the forefather of Arabs and Jews Abraham (Arabic Ibrahim), and God has already sent his prophets and Revelation to people.

According to Islamic doctrine, the Koran is the final word of God addressed to people, Muslims are a special people chosen by God for the last Testament, and Islam, which goes back to the ancient faith of the forefathers and at the same time contains a "completed prophecy", occupies an exceptional position in the circle of religions. peace.

According to the original and orthodox conception, the Quran was not created: it has always existed, from eternity, and was kept in the seventh heaven in anticipation of the arrival of the one who would be most worthy to receive the word of God. This man was Muhammad, the prophet of Allah.

The dispute about the nature of the Qur'an was not a narrowly theological discussion among scholastic scholars. In the IX-X centuries. it agitated wide circles of Muslims and often became so acute that it caused imprisonment, corporal punishment and even armed rebellion.

The final consolidated text of the Koran was established in 856 after studying and selecting a number of lists on the orders of Osman, the son-in-law of Muhammad, chronologically the third caliph of the prophet. The "Ottoman Quran" became the official text adopted in Islam even today. Non-canonical lists of the Qur'an have not been preserved, and information about their features is extremely scarce. In the X century. seven most authoritative theologians recognized seven ways of reading the Koran as canonical. Of these seven options, only two are currently in practical use.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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