History and theory of religions. Religious canon in Christianity and Judaism (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Religious canon in Christianity and Judaism (most important)

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49. Religious canon in Christianity and Judaism

The formation of the religious canon in the Jewish and Christian traditions was a long, centuries-old process. In Judaism, the most important part of the Tanakh, its first five books, the Torah, was the first to be canonized. A fully Jewish Bible code (the so-called Palestine canon) was established by the Jamnia Council of Rabbis around 100 CE. e. And although the work on the lexical-semantic and spelling codification of the Tanakh continued for another 14 centuries by the Masorites, the composition of the works of the Jewish canon was already determined 2 years ago.

The basis of the Christian Old Testament canon is the "Septuagint" - the Greek translation of the Old Testament, made in the III-II centuries. BC e. Hellenized Jews in Alexandria. The "Septuagint" includes about 10 new biblical translations from Hebrew, as well as new works, not translated, but written by the Jews in Greek ("The Book of Wisdom of Solomon", "Maccabean Books", perhaps some more). However, the non-traditional texts of the Septuagint were not included in the Jewish Palestinian canon. Since there were 50 works in the Septuagint, the Christian Old Testament exceeds the Jewish one. On the other hand, historically there have been differences in the composition of the Old Testament canon between the Orthodox, Catholics and Protestants.

The Orthodox, although they publish in the Bible all 50 books that were part of the Septuagint, consider 39 of them canonical. There are 46 books printed in the Catholic "Old Testament". Protestants, and above all Martin Luther, proclaiming the priority of primary sources and the original text, in their translations of the Scriptures relied in principle on the Jewish canon. Thus, in the Protestant Old Testament canon, as well as in the Jewish Tanakh, there are 39 works.

However, some Protestant publications publish non-canonical Bible books (in a separate list, after the canonical ones). In general, the unequal composition of the books that form the religious canon is one of the noticeable differences between close confessions. The composition of the canonical books of the New Testament is the same in all Christian denominations. The gospels were recognized as canonical before everyone else, the last being the "Revelation of John the Theologian", although it was written relatively early - around 85. At the same time, the attribution of the "Revelation" to the Apostle John, the beloved disciple of Christ and author of the IV Gospel, is not generally recognized.

The Christian biblical canon was adopted in 393 at the Council of Hippo. But since this council was local, it took the adoption of the canon at the ecumenical council, which happened only in 1546-1563, at the XIX (Trentent) council.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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