History and theory of religions. Taoism (most important)

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History and theory of religions. Taoism (most important)

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17. Taoism

Taoism was one of the most important trends in the development of ideological thought in China. Taoism focuses on nature, the cosmos and man, but these principles are not comprehended in a rational way, but through direct conceptual penetration into the nature of existence. The world is in constant motion and change, develops, lives and acts spontaneously, without any reason. In the ontological teaching, it is the concept of the path - Tao - that is central. The purpose of thinking, according to Taoism, is the "fusion" of man with nature, since he is part of it.

Lao Tzu is considered an older contemporary of Confucius. He is credited with the authorship of the book "Tao-te-ching" - the Book of Tao (path) and de (virtue), which became the basis for the further development of Taoism. Tao is a concept with the help of which it is possible to give a universal, comprehensive answer to the question of the origin and mode of existence of everything that exists. The ontology of the Tao Te Ching is atheistic because, according to the Tao, the world is in spontaneous, unpredetermined motion. Tao is identity, sameness, which presupposes everything else, namely: Tao does not depend on time, like a period of the emergence, development and death of the Universe, but there is a fundamental and universal unity of the world. Tao itself has no sources, no beginning, it is the root of everything without its own energy activity. In it, however, everything happens (is given), it is an all-presupposing path.

Everything in the world is on the move, in motion and change, everything is impermanent and finite. This is possible due to the principles of yin and yang. Under their influence things develop. Tao has its own creative power de, through which Tao manifests itself in things under the influence of yin and yang.

Lao Tzu rejects any effort, not only of the individual, but also of society. The efforts of society, generated by civilization, lead to a contradiction between man and the world, to disharmony. For the world is a sacred vessel that cannot be manipulated.

Compliance with the "measure of things" is the main life task for a person. Non-action, or rather activity without violating this measure (wu wei), is not an encouragement to passivity, but an explanation of the community of man and the world on a single basis, which is Tao. Stepping aside, detachment characterize the behavior of a sage. Comprehension of the world is accompanied by silence, in which the understanding husband takes possession of the world. This is radically opposed to the Confucian concept of a "noble man" who should be trained in teaching and managing others.

Author: Pankin S.F.

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