History and theory of religions. Arab Religious Philosophy (Most Important)

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History and theory of religions. Arab Religious Philosophy (Most Important)

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39. Arab religious philosophy

Arab religious philosophy developed in parallel with the development of early scholasticism. The main meaning of Arab philosophy was to protect Islam and its church dogmas, therefore, in its main features and starting points, it coincides with scholastic philosophy.

At the beginning of Islamic philosophy are two great thinkers. The first of them is the Arab adherent of the ideas of Aristotle al-Kindi. Al-Farabi was a staunch follower of Aristotle in the 10th century. However, he begins to interpret Aristotle's system in the spirit of the Neoplatonists, taking from Aristotle a clear and logical division of reality into separate areas of scientific interest.

In relation to Christian scholasticism, the work of the great Aristotelians of Arab philosophy is of great importance: in the East it was Avicenna, in the West - Averroes.

The main philosophical work of Avicenna was the encyclopedic treatise "The Book of Healing", containing the foundations of logic, physics, mathematics and metaphysics; besides this he wrote commentaries on Aristotle and many other books. Avicenna's philosophy was theocentric. He understood the world as a product of the divine mind, but in no case of God's will. The world was created from matter, not from nothing; matter is eternal. The material world has the character of a concrete possibility and exists in time. The world in its real multiplicity was not created once and directly by God, but arose gradually.

If Avicenna was the king of Arabic philosophy in the East, then the king of the Arab West, who significantly influenced European philosophy, was Averroes.

He is the author of famous commentaries on Aristotle. According to Averroes, the material world is eternal, infinite, but limited in space. God is as eternal as nature, but he did not create the world out of nothing, as religion proclaims. Forms do not come to matter from outside, but in eternal matter all forms are potentially contained and gradually crystallize in the process of development. He adopted the concept of universal gradation and hierarchy of beings between God and man from Avicenna. He also denied the immortality of the individual soul. The individual soul dies with the body, because with the death of the body, the specific sensory representations and memory inherent in each individual person disintegrate.

The representative of the mystical direction was al-Ghazali. Al-Ghazali's main interest was in faith, which he sharply contrasted with science and philosophy. He demonstrated his skeptical approach in the treatise "Refutation of the Philosophers".

Author: Pankin S.F.

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