What were the stages of the decomposition of the primitive communal system? Detailed answer

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What were the stages of the decomposition of the primitive communal system? Detailed answer

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What were the stages of the decomposition of the primitive communal system?

Around the V-IV millennium BC. e. The decomposition of primitive society began. Among the factors contributing to this, an important role was played by agriculture, the development of specialized cattle breeding, the emergence of metallurgy, the formation of specialized crafts, and the development of trade.

With the development of plow agriculture, agricultural work passed from women's hands to men's, and the male farmer became the head of the family. Accumulation in different families was created differently. The product gradually ceases to be shared among the members of the community, and property begins to pass from father to children, the foundations of private ownership of the means of production are laid.

From the account of kinship on the maternal side, they pass to the account of kinship on the father's side - a patriarchy is formed. Accordingly, the form of family relations is changing, a patriarchal family based on private property arises.

The growth of labor productivity, increased exchange, constant wars - all this led to the emergence of property stratification among the tribes. Property inequality gave rise to social inequality. The tops of the tribal aristocracy were formed, in fact, in charge of all affairs. Noble community members sat in the tribal council, were in charge of the cult of the gods, singled out military leaders and priests from their midst. Along with property and social differentiation within the tribal community, there is also differentiation within the tribe between individual clans. On the one hand, strong and wealthy clans stand out, and on the other, weakened and impoverished ones.

So, the signs of the collapse of the tribal system were the emergence of property inequality, the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the leaders of the tribes, the increase in armed clashes, the condemnation of prisoners into slaves, the transformation of the clan from a consanguineous collective into a territorial community.

In different regions of the world, the destruction of primitive communal relations occurred at different times, and the models of transition to a higher formation were also varied: some peoples formed early class states, others - slave states, many peoples bypassed the slave system and went straight to feudalism, and some - to colonial capitalism (the peoples of America, Australia).

Thus, the growth of productive forces created the prerequisites for strengthening ties between social organizations, the development of a system of gift-exchange relations. With the transition from the first marriage to the patriarchal, and later monogamous, the family is strengthened, which is isolated within the community. Community property is complemented by personal property. With the development of productive forces and the strengthening of territorial ties between families, the early primitive community is replaced by a primitive neighborhood community, and later by an agricultural community. It is characterized by a combination of individual parcel production with common ownership of land, private ownership and communal principles. The development of this internal contradiction created the conditions for the emergence of class society and the state.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What was the Cape of Good Hope originally called?

A natural disaster contributed to one of the most important stages in the opening of the sea route to India by the Portuguese.

In January 1488, Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) was caught in a severe storm off the west coast of South Africa and his ship was blown out to sea. When the storm subsided, Dias headed north and was already off the east coast of South Africa. At the request of the team, he was forced to turn to Portugal and, skirting the southern tip of the mainland, called one of its ledges Cape Storms.

Later, the Portuguese king João II gave this cape a more optimistic name, which remains to this day: the Cape of Good Hope.

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