Конституционное право Российской Федерации. Конституция СССР 1936 г. Конституция РСФСР 1937 г. (самое важное)

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Конституционное право Российской Федерации. Конституция СССР 1936 г. Конституция РСФСР 1937 г. (самое важное)

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9. CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR 1936 CONSTITUTION OF THE RSFSR 1937

In 1936, the next All-Union Congress of Soviets (after preliminary approval by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and personally by I.V. Stalin) approved a new The Constitution of the USSR, called "Stalinist". In the new Constitution of the USSR, elements of declarativeness were minimized and the progressive development of Soviet constitutionalism was enshrined. The official social basis of Soviet power was expanded - all workers were included in it, and therefore councils at all levels (except for the union and republican) were renamed councils of workers' deputies. Supreme councils were created at the republican and union levels. The highest body of state power of the Soviet Union became the bicameral Supreme Council of the USSR - a permanent representative body elected directly by all citizens. One chamber was formed on a territorial basis (the Council of the Union), the other on a national basis (the Council of Nationalities). Deputies of the councils worked without interruption from their main place of work, so the councils (including the Supreme Council of the USSR) met sessionally. The Supreme Council of the USSR, from among its members, formed a truly permanent Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR, which issued decrees on current issues that actually had the force of law.

In the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, a separate chapter appeared on the rights and obligations of citizens (rights were assigned only to Soviet citizens). A block of socio-economic rights, equality of citizens was fixed. The working people of the country were declared to be the bearers of state power, exercising it through the soviets of working people's deputies. Formally, the rather democratic Stalinist Constitution covered the monstrous repressions of the totalitarian regime against the Soviet people. The Soviet state considered a citizen (and the rights granted to him) as a derivative of himself, having lost citizenship (and the deprivation of Soviet citizenship was carried out not on the basis of a court decision, but by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR), a person was deprived of all rights and legal status as such. Political rights could only be used in the interests of the Soviet government. The Communist Party was declared the vanguard of the working people and the leading link in all public and state organizations (in fact, one of the political parties became state-owned). Socialist property received priority protection from the state. Treason to the motherland, interpreted in the criminal law very broadly, was recognized as the gravest atrocity. Extrajudicial forms of reprisals were practiced (through the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation). Since 1936, in connection with the adoption of the Stalinist Constitution, a new public holiday appeared in the USSR - Constitution Day.

In 1937, following the model and likeness of the Stalinist Constitution of the USSR of 1936, a new Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR also became bicameral.

<< Back: Constitution of the RSFSR 1918 Constitution of the USSR 1924

>> Forward: Constitution of the USSR 1977 Constitution of the RSFSR 1978 Perestroika period

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Electronic noses for livestock farms 06.01.2022

A research team from the Department of Educational Technology, Institute of Livestock Environmental Management, Korea, has developed a livestock odor monitoring system using information and communication technology and an ammonia sensor.

With the development of large intensive livestock farms, interest in odor control has increased significantly. Farm animal odors contain many compounds such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, volatile fatty acids and p-cresol. Ammonia is the most common smelling compound.

Due to the rather frequent cases of complaints about odors from livestock, especially near large farms, research on monitoring this parameter is expanding. Electronic nose (e-nose) systems have recently emerged as a technology and are now undergoing quantitative validation studies in poultry and pig farms, mainly.

The electronic nose is an alternative technology that provides advantages such as quantitative analysis, fast measurement, high sensitivity and reproducibility of results, and objective, unbiased odor identification.

A study conducted by the staff of the Korean Institute of Livestock Environmental Management examined the relevance of a USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) based livestock odor monitoring system that can automatically and remotely monitor livestock odors as a service related to the livestock industry using artificial intelligence and sensors. .

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