10. CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR 1977 CONSTITUTION OF THE RSFSR 1978 THE PERESTROIKA PERIOD

In 1977 was adopted Brezhnev's Constitution of the USSR (the constitution of "developed socialism"). The USSR was declared a nationwide state. A new social community was constitutionally recognized - a single Soviet people. Accordingly, in 1978 a new Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted, which was in force (with numerous amendments and additions) until 1993.

The Soviets received a new name - Soviets of People's Deputies. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was declared the leading and guiding force of Soviet society, the core of the political system. In fact, the Constitution of the USSR, due to the abundance of program norms, was not considered as a legal law of direct action (rather as a political program). The chapter "Fundamental Rights, Freedoms and Duties of Citizens" first lists the socio-economic and cultural rights, and only then - the political and personal rights of citizens. Political rights are conditioned by their use only for the purpose of developing and strengthening the socialist system. There is a possibility of judicial protection of rights, compensation for damage, appeal to the court of actions of state bodies and their officials. The defense of the Fatherland was seen as a "sacred duty" of the individual. The spirit of the Constitution as a whole emphasized that the state determines the position of the individual, and not vice versa. The USSR Constitution of 1977 established state arbitration.

In 1988, during the period of perestroika, significant changes were made to the Constitution of the USSR. The electoral system was democratized, elections to the councils of people's deputies became alternative. The Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR became the supreme body of state power, and the Committee for Constitutional Supervision of the USSR was established. The first alternative election campaign for the election of deputies of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR took place in the spring of 1989. 750 people's deputies were elected by territorial districts, 750 - by national-territorial districts, 750 - from public organizations (which clearly contradicted the constitutional principles of suffrage, later this system no longer used). Laws of the USSR were adopted on the referendum of the USSR, the Committee for Constitutional Supervision of the USSR, the procedure for appealing to the court against illegal actions of state bodies and their officials.

In 1990, the post of the President of the USSR was established, which was due to the actual liquidation of the CPSU monopoly on political power in the country, the III Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev.

Political and economic pluralism was introduced. In fact, the citizen's right to free enterprise was recognized. The President of the USSR was declared the head of state; the Vice-President of the USSR, the Presidential Council, and the Federation Council acted under him; the possibility of introducing direct presidential rule in part of the territory of the USSR was provided for.

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