Constitutional law of the Russian Federation. Electoral system of the Russian Federation (the most important)

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Constitutional law of the Russian Federation. Electoral system of the Russian Federation (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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46. ELECTORAL SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Electoral system - method of distribution of public positions (mandates) filled by election. Main types of electoral systems:

1. Proportional, became widespread in the 7th century. Used in the election of a collegial body (for example, parliament) in a multi-member electoral district, the voter votes not for a specific candidate, but for a list of candidates (for example, nominated by a political party). At the same time, the law establishes an “electoral threshold,” i.e., the minimum number of votes that an electoral association must receive in order to participate in the distribution of mandates (in Russia, in elections of State Duma deputies in a federal electoral district - 4%). The number of deputy mandates received by an electoral association (bloc) is determined by dividing the total number of votes cast for it by the electoral quota (using different methods). In addition to the one used in Russia in elections of the entire composition of deputies of the State Duma and at least half of the composition of deputies of the legislative (representative) body of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Article 1 of the Federal Law "On the general principles of the organization of legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation") closed list proportional electoral system (i.e. the voter votes for the party list as a whole), there are variants of the open list proportional electoral system (with varying degrees of freedom of choice within the list: choosing 1 candidate, choosing more than XNUMX candidate from one list and choosing any candidates from any list (panching)).

2. Majoritarian. The winner receives all the mandates distributed in a given electoral district (usually used in a single-mandate electoral district). In Russia, it is used in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation; it can also be used in the elections of no more than half of the deputies of the legislative (representative) body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, in municipal elections. The following options for a majoritarian electoral system may exist: with the possibility of holding a second round (for example, in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation, and in order to be elected in the first round, the candidate must receive either an absolute (more than 50% in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation) or a qualified (eg, 75% - not used in Russia) majority of votes); in one round (used in the election of deputies to a legislative (representative) body of state power in a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation).

3. Various kinds of mixed (modified) electoral systems (for example, the system of a single non-transferable vote or the system of additional distribution of seats at the country level when voting in the regions) - do not apply in Russia.

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