Constitutional law of the Russian Federation. Constitution of the RSFSR 1918 Constitution of the USSR 1924 (most important)

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Constitutional law of the Russian Federation. Constitution of the RSFSR 1918 Constitution of the USSR 1924 (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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8. CONSTITUTION OF THE RSFSR 1918 CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR 1924

First constitutional act The Soviet state was adopted in January 1918 by the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, later incorporated into the text Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 The Constitution of the RSFSR established the dictatorship of the working class and the poorest peasantry, established Soviet power (councils of workers', peasants', laborers' and soldiers' deputies). The exploiters were supposed to be eliminated as a class. A course was taken for a world revolution - the creation of a world Soviet socialist republic. The electoral system was also purely class-based (for example, persons who used hired labor, businessmen, former gendarmerie employees and members of the royal family were deprived of voting rights), suffrage was unequal (in favor of the workers - the hegemon of the revolution - before the peasants). The deputies of the higher councils were elected by the deputies of the lower ones from among themselves. By abolishing the exploitation of man by man, the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 actually introduced the exploitation of man by the state. At the same time, the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 turned out to be the first fundamental law in the history of domestic law, which had a significant impact on society and political and legal thought. Thus, for the first time, the republican form of government and the federal form of government of the Russian state were constitutionally fixed, which have been preserved to this day. Despite the class character of the electoral procedures, for the first time huge masses of people were involved in them.

On January 31, 1924, the All-Union Congress of Soviets adopted first constitution of the USSR, union government bodies were established, and powers were delineated between them and the government bodies of the union republics. The Constitution consisted of two parts - the Declaration on the Formation of the USSR and the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR. In it, the USSR was proclaimed as a free and voluntary union of sovereign and equal republics, and the latter were recognized as having the right to secession (free secession from the USSR). The supreme body of state power of the USSR was declared to be the All-Union Congress of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies, forming the All-Union Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which was led by the bicameral Presidium of the All-Union Central Executive Committee. The congress also formed the executive structure (Soviet government) - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). There were union, union-republican and republican people's commissariats (sectoral bodies of government). To resolve the most important disputes about law, the Supreme Court of the USSR was established, which was also endowed with the right of constitutional supervision in relation to regulatory legal acts of state authorities of the Union republics. The status of the Soviet intelligence service - the United State-Political Directorate - was constitutionally enshrined. The subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the union and republican bodies of government in the USSR were delimited.

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