History of world religions. Non-canonical religious literature (most important)

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History of world religions. Non-canonical religious literature (most important)

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52. Non-canonical religious literature

In the circle of Jewish and Judeo-Christian religious literature, which, however, turned out to be outside the Jewish canon (Tanakh), two meaningfully different groups of monuments are best known:

1) writings in which the Septuagint differs from the Tanach;

2) works of non-orthodox Judaism, already, as it were, fraught with Christianity.

Eleven Jewish writings included in the Septuagint, but not included in the Jewish religious canon, were written between the XNUMXth century BC. BC e. and I c. n. e.

According to the Palestinian Canon, the last books of the Old Testament are four books written by the “great teacher” Ezra: the Book of Ezra, the Book of Nehemiah, and two books summarizing the history of the Jewish people, I and II Chronicles.

Not included in the "Tanakh" and the book, inscribed with the name of another famous Old Testament character and writer, "The Book of Wisdom of Solomon."

The boundary between canonical and non-canonical Jewish writings essentially coincides with the differences in the monuments in terms of language.

The Jewish canon had a significant influence on the attitude towards these books in Christianity. Despite belonging to the Septuagint, works that are not included in the Tanakh are not recognized as canonical in Orthodoxy, although they enjoy high authority and are printed in the Bible.

The second group of non-canonical Jewish writings is the Dead Sea manuscripts, or Qumran texts.

According to their content, the Qumran manuscripts were divided into three groups:

1) biblical texts and apocrypha;

2) interpretation of biblical texts;

3) liturgical or legalistic texts. The corpus of non-canonical works, but in terms of the conditions of creation, chronology, themes and genres close to the works of the Old Testament canon, is ten times larger than the volume of the New Testament. This is explained by the high intensity of religious communication, characteristic of the early Christian era, with relative religious tolerance and freedom of religious communication and self-expression.

In the circle of early Christian apocrypha, all genres known from the New Testament canon are represented. Thus, there are about 50 early non-canonical Gospels. They are attributed to various New Testament characters - the evangelists Matthew and Mark, the apostles, the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalene.

About 40 early apocrypha are known, in which only the speeches of Christ are collected - words, parables, sayings attributed to Christ, but without stories about the events of his life.

In theological and content terms, the early apocrypha is heterogeneous.

The tradition of early Christian apocrypha, which arose as paraphrases on New Testament themes, partially absorbed the "gnostic heresy", received a significant and multidirectional development in subsequent centuries.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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