History of world religions. Confucianism (most important)

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History of world religions. Confucianism (most important)

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15. Confucianism

As a specific theory of the organization of society, Confucianism focuses on ethical rules, social norms and regulation of government, in the formation of which it was very conservative.

Thinker Confucius (551-479 BC) (proper name Kong Qiu) is considered the first Chinese philosopher. Confucius' thoughts have been preserved in the form of his conversations with his students.

The records of the sayings of Confucius and his disciples in the book "Conversations and Judgments" are the most reliable source for the study of his views.

The ethics of Confucius understands a person in connection with his social function, and education is leading a person to the proper performance of this function. The original meaning of the concept of order, as the norm of specific relations, actions, rights and obligations in the era of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Confucius rises to the level of an exemplary idea.

To maintain subordination and order, Confucius develops the principle of justice and serviceability. A person must act as the order and his position dictate. Correct behavior is behavior with respect for order and humanity.

Mencius (371-289 AD) - the successor of Confucius, defended Confucianism from attacks from other schools of that time.

As part of the development of Confucianism, Mencius developed the concept of human nature.

The good in every person can be realized by the four virtues, the foundations of which are humanity, serviceability, politeness, knowledge.

In the concept of Mencius, the principle of filial and fraternal virtue put forward by Confucius is consistently carried out.

Xun Tzu (XNUMXrd century BC) was the most prominent Confucian of the Hundred School period.

He understood the sky as permanent, having its own way and endowed with the power that informs man of essence and existence. Together with the earth, the sky connects the world into a single whole.

Noteworthy is the division of nature by Xun Tzu:

1) inanimate phenomena;

2) living phenomena, possessing life;

3) phenomena consisting of a material substance, living and possessing zhi-consciousness;

4) a person consisting of. material substance, living, possessing consciousness, having, in addition, moral consciousness.

Xun Tzu, although he is considered a Confucian, transcends the classical understanding of order in Confucian social ethics.

Since the bulk of Confucius's teachings concern purely secular matters, many Western scholars argue that Confucianism is not a religion, but only a moral teaching.

The recognition of Confucian writings as sacred, as well as the addition of the cult of Confucius (the deification of a person, a temple on the site of his dwelling, rituals and prayers addressed to Confucius), occurred five centuries after the death of Confucius - on the threshold of a new era.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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