48. Sufism - Islamic mysticism, Hesychasm in Byzantium and among Orthodox Slavs

The first Muslim mystics - the Sufis - appeared already at the end of the XNUMXth century, and Sufism as a doctrine and practice of Islamic mysticism finally took shape in the XNUMXth century.

The central concept of Sufism - tarika means religious and moral self-improvement as a way to mystical comprehension of God.

The most famous Sufi Hallaj (al-Hallyaj) was executed in 922 in Baghdad. Experiencing mystical union with Allah, he ecstatically proclaimed: "I am the true one," which, of course, sounded blasphemous to the faithful ears.

The Sufi was the famous mocker and paradoxist Khoja Nasreddin, who became the hero of Arab folklore.

And, nevertheless, official Islam did not suppress Sufism, did not force it into heresy, but, unlike mature Christianity, it included the main mystical ideas in itself, in its main doctrine. This happened thanks to Ghazali in the XNUMXth century.

Ghazali successfully reconciled the traditional rationalism of Islam and the mysticism of the Sufis, thus introducing mystical ideas into official Islam.

Sufism, which spoke the language of parables, paradoxes and metaphors, had a great influence on Arabic and especially Persian poetry.

"Hesychasm" in Greek means "peace, silence, detachment"; hesychasts - "those who are at rest." The mystical-philosophical doctrine of the hesychasts took shape in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. in the ascetic practice of Egyptian and Sinai monks.

As is usual with mystics, hesychasts combined special psychosomatic and breathing exercises with silent prayer.

Prolonged concentration on one word or verbal formula, as well as silence, led Hesychasts to a pietic perception of the main verbal-linguistic symbols of the teaching.

The second bright outbreak of the Byzantine-Slavic hesychasm occurs at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. - in the teaching of the name-Slavs, or in imyaslavie.

The imyaslavtsy were objected to by the imyaslavists - positivist and rationalistically minded monks-intellectuals.

Official Orthodoxy came out against the name-slavists. A public discussion arose, Bulatovich published several brochures in Moscow and St. Petersburg; The collection “Imyaslavie according to the documents of the Imyaslavers” was also published. The dispute was ended by force: according to the Synod, several hundred Athonite monks were taken to Russia on a Russian warship and settled in distant monasteries and parishes.

They sympathized with the Imyaslavtsy, without even sharing their beliefs. Many, however, not only sympathized with the victims, but also believed in name glory. Among them are the most prominent figures of the Russian religious revival of the beginning of the century: S. N. Bulgakov, V. F. Ern, P. A. Florensky. They defended in print the very idea of ​​imyaslavie, although they were not satisfied with the level of theologizing of the "simple" ones.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

<< Back: Kabbalah as a system of spiritual development

>> Forward: Correctness of the Text and Correctness of the Revelation Corpus of Texts

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ International Auditing Standards. Crib

▪ Customs business. Crib

▪ Civil law. Special part. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive When we sleep we remember 20.10.2012 For the first time, Los Angeles researchers have measured the activity of an area of ​​the brain involved in learning, memory, and Alzheimer's disease during sleep. They found that even in sleep and under anesthesia, this part of the brain is active and behaves as if trying to remember something. This discovery not only supports the theory of the importance of sleep in ordering and consolidating memories, but also provides important information about the correct daily routine. The research team simultaneously measured the activity of individual neurons from different parts of the brain involved in memory formation. The scientists were able to determine which areas of the mice's brains were activated by others, and how that activation spread. Early research has already indicated that the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus "talk" to each other during sleep - this "talk" is believed to play an important role in memory creation or memory consolidation. People spend a third of their lives sleeping, and lack of sleep leads to health problems, including memory problems. Professor Mayank Mehta and his team observed three connected brain regions in mice: the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the entorhinal region (the intermediate region that connects the previous two). Although it was already known from previous research that the dialogue between the old and new brains during sleep is important for memory formation, the contribution of the entorial cortex to this "talk" has not been previously considered. And this contribution, according to Professor Meta, turned out to be key. The entorial cortex, which is active in real life when we try to remember something, behaved in the same way in a dream. "The big surprise is that this kind of sustained activity happens almost all the time during sleep," says Meta. Enthorial neurons in mice showed constant activity. Even when she was anesthetized and therefore unable to hear or smell anything, she acted as if she remembered something. It is noteworthy that sometimes this lasted more than a minute - a huge time for brain activity, usually measured in thousandths of a second. Scientists believe that the active activity of the brain during sleep is associated with attempts to "unload" memory and remove information that was processed during the day, but is not of great importance. As a result, important memories become more accessible and easily retrieved from memory. In practice, this means that chronic lack of sleep can cause much more serious problems than fatigue and inattention.

Other interesting news:

▪ If you want twins, drink milk

▪ Games, films and the rise of violence

▪ green mouse

▪ Jawbone UP electronic bracelet keeps track of your health

▪ The secret of ancient wine

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Signal limiters, compressors. Article selection

▪ article Catherine II. Famous aphorisms

▪ article Have diamonds always been considered precious? Detailed answer

▪ article Thieves knot. Travel Tips

▪ article Pikkel method of processing sheepskins. Simple recipes and tips

▪ article Linear input and output in the radio and its refinement. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024