History of world religions. Buddhism (most important)

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History of world religions. Buddhism (most important)

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20. Buddhism

In the VI century. BC e. in Northern India, Buddhism arises - a doctrine founded by Siddhartha Gautama (approximately 583-483 BC), the son of the ruler of the Shakya clan from Kapilavast (region of Southern Nepal). At the age of 29, dissatisfied with life, he leaves his family and goes into "homelessness". After many years of useless austerity, he achieves awakening, that is, comprehends the correct path of life, which rejects extremes. This discovery of the main knowledge (dharma) was like a sudden insight, enlightenment, hence the new name of the prince: Buddha means "enlightened", literally - "awakened".

Salvation, the Buddha taught, consists in attaining nirvana - complete peace and tranquility that come after you manage to overcome all human desires, passions and fears.

The Buddhist doctrine for a long time existed only in the oral tradition, and the canonical texts were written down several centuries after the appearance of the doctrine.

The Buddha's sermons were originally not so much a new religious system as an ethical and psychotherapeutic teaching.

The center of the teachings are the four noble truths, which the Buddha proclaims at the very beginning of his preaching activity. According to them, human existence is inextricably linked with suffering. Birth, illness, old age, death, encountering the unpleasant and parting with the pleasant, the impossibility of achieving the desired - all this leads to suffering. The cause of suffering is thirst (trshna), leading through joys and passions to rebirth, rebirth. The elimination of the causes of suffering consists in the elimination of this craving.

The path leading to the elimination of suffering - the wholesome eightfold path - is: right judgment, right decision, right speech, right living, right aspiration, right attention and right concentration. Both a life devoted to sensual pleasures and the path of asceticism and self-torture are rejected.

The Buddhist canon of the Four Noble Truths is commented on in detail, developed and expounded in various aspects.

The path to liberation from samsara is open only to monks, however, according to the teachings of the Buddha, the observance of ethical principles and the support of the community (sangha) can prepare the prerequisites for entering the path of salvation in one of the future existences and numerous groups of secular Buddhists.

Buddhism soon after its origin spread to Ceylon, later through China penetrated to the Far East.

In China, Buddhism took the form of Ch'an Buddhism, in Japan, the form of Zen Buddhism.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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