History of world religions. Objective-idealistic concept (most important)

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History of world religions. Objective-idealistic concept (most important)

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2. Objective-idealistic concepts

In modern religious studies, four main concepts can be distinguished that explain the essence and origin of religion: objective-idealistic, subjective-idealistic, naturalistic (biologising), atheistic.

Objective idealistic concept

The initial premise of this concept in explaining religion is the recognition of its supernatural source: God, the Absolute, in general - the transcendent.

The postulation of a supernatural source of religion reduces the question of the existence and essence of religion to the question of the existence and essence of God.

In Christian theology and religious philosophy, there are two tendencies in justifying the existence of God: rationalistic and irrationalistic.

Thomas Aquinas, using the works of Aristotle, developed the doctrine of the five proofs of the existence of God by means of the human mind and based on the study of natural processes.

The first proof starts from the fact of universal movement in the world and on this basis formulates the conclusion about the necessary existence of the "first mover", which is God.

The second proof, relying on the universal causality of phenomena in the world, appeals to their "first cause", which is identified with God.

The third proof states the presence of random phenomena in the world, however, the latter cannot exist on their own, they must be generated by a necessary cause, that is, God.

The fourth proof comes from the premise that things exhibit varying degrees of perfection. But one can speak of various degrees of perfection only in comparison with something perfect, that is, with God.

The fifth proof comes from the fact that there is some higher goal-setting principle as a source of the expediency of things and phenomena. That beginning is God.

We must resolutely admit that all the traditional proofs of the existence of God - ontological, cosmological and physical-theological - are not only untenable, but also completely unnecessary, and rather even harmful. Kant's criticism of these proofs of the existence of God is very convincing and is not refuted by traditional apologetics.

Much stronger is the evidence that could be called anthropological. It consists in the fact that man is a being that belongs to two worlds and does not fit into this natural world of necessity, transcending himself as an empirically given being, discovering freedom that cannot be derived from this world.

The existence of God is revealed in the existence of the spirit in man. The virtue of a man is not to be subject to what is below him. But for this there must be something that is above it, although not outside it and not above it.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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