24. Jewish sermon

"Torah" ("Pentateuch of Moses"), the main book of Judaism every year must be fully read in the synagogue.

Even the sages of the Talmud and partly the Masoretes divided the Torah into weekly readings, and each weekly reading into seven parts (according to the number of days in the week). A passage from the Torah is performed by one of the community members, called man reading. In reality, he does not read, but sings the “Torah” according to special notes that he must know by heart.

From the Tanakh, in addition to the "Torah", selected passages of the books of the prophets are read in the synagogue, usually thematically related to the sounded chapters of the "Torah".

That "Torah", which is read in the synagogue, should be a scroll (and not a book-code) and must be written by hand.

The basis of the Jewish prayer book is the psalms - 150 hymns of the Old Testament book "Psalter". (from the Greek psalmos - singing with music on a stringed instrument. The title of the book "Psalter" is also Greek, but later.

In religion, preaching is as organic as prayer. This is the fundamental, primary genre of religious communication. If the Word of God heard by the prophet is a mystical "first push" in the birth of religion, then the sermon in which the prophet (mentor) conveys God's Word to people is the "second push", and at the same time not mystical, but quite observable.

In relation to the Word of God, every sermon is a "second-order" text, the word of a mentor about the word of God. The purpose of preaching is to bring the meaning of the word of God to the minds of people. Such a transfer of meaning is one or another adaptation of the primary text (the word of God) to the possibilities of the human mind. Adaptation may consist in full or partial translation of the primary text into a more understandable language, while the secondary text may be an extension of the original and, conversely, its compression.

The elements of a sermon may already be present in Scripture. Ancient Jews in the XNUMXth c. BC e. return from Babylonian captivity to Jerusalem. They are restoring the Jerusalem fortress wall, and here on it the pious and learned priest Ezra, a zealot of Jewish orthodoxy, a restorer of the religion of Yahweh, for eight days in a row (the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles was just in progress) loudly reads the Torah to the people. He reads in Hebrew, but this language is poorly understood by the people, several generations of which, while in Babylonian captivity, have already switched to Aramaic. Therefore, other priests here translate or retell the "Torah" in an understandable language, while Ezra interprets what is incomprehensible. It was these public, from the city wall, readings of the "Torah", translation and interpretation that helped to restore Judaism in the post-captive Jerusalem.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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