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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
Tree preservation. Simple recipes and tips
Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes For ktree preservation Various means are used. Let us describe the production of some of them. For soaking fresh, recently cut down trees, a solution of copper sulfate is a preservative and prevents rotting. 3 kg of copper sulfate is placed in a bag and suspended for gradual dissolution in a wooden barrel filled with 100 liters of water; then logs or stakes are lowered into this barrel, exposed to the sun, with the sharp end down. Due to the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the tree, liquid is absorbed from below. The process is stopped when the upper parts of the logs are well soaked, and a constant level of liquid in the barrel is maintained by periodically adding water. After treatment, the wood must be thoroughly dried for some time. Preserving wood Bub found that adding mercuric chloride (sublimate) to copper sulfate not only increases the antiseptic properties of the latter, but also contributes to longer preservation. A mixture of copper sulfate, zinc chloride and to increase the anti-rot ability of this mixture and enhance its long-term effectiveness for a much longer period, it is necessary to add at least 10% sublimate to the mixture, and a further increase in the amount of sublimate further contributes to the tree’s resistance to atmospheric influences. According to another method, instead of sublimate (mercuric chloride), fluoride and fluoride compounds are used. A mixture of 900 wt. is especially suitable for preserving wood. h. water, 100 wt. parts of soluble glass (35-40 °Be) and 1 wt. including sublimate. To protect wood, partly in the ground and partly in the air, from rotting, the following method is recommended. The tree is generously lubricated with a solution consisting of 1250 g of alum in 100 liters of water. After 24 hours, the tree is smeared with soapy water from 7,5 kg of ordinary soap and 100 liters of water, and this operation is repeated several times if the tree has little absorbency. Wood treated in this way does not change for several years, darkens very slowly and can be painted with any paint. According to Dr. Bub's method, the preservative mixture consists of 1 wt. parts of di- or trinitrophenol or sodium cresol and 1-10 wt. h, zinc naphthalenesulfonic acid or sodium phenolsulfonic acid. One of the most common wood preservatives is carbolineum. Below we give several recipes for carbolineum.
Coal and wood tar oils must be freed from carbolic acid and creosote, which is achieved by washing the oil with caustic lye and distillation.
Place in an iron cauldron and, by moderate heating, bring the mass to a uniform consistency, then add 1-2 weight. parts of rubber solution. The exact amount of rubber or caoutchouc solution is established experimentally, depending on the covering power that they want to impart to the carbolineum. The mixture is boiled until everything is dissolved. When dissolution occurs, add another 50 g of crude XNUMX% carbolic acid, mix well and place the finished carbolineum in barrels for settling. This carbolineum is dark brown in color, very durable and very suitable for impregnating piles, sleepers, telegraph poles and other logs that are exposed to damp for a long time. To get light carbolineum take 3 wt. parts of rosin and 15 wt. including light paraffin oil. Melt carefully over low heat in an iron cauldron, then add 1 weight to the composition. parts of resin oil. dark carbolineum can be obtained from the following recipe:
Melt anthracene oil and rosin over low heat, then mix in the rubber solution and cook until everything is dissolved, after which carbolic acid and lye of pink chloride are added. Having added the last two substances, the mass is stirred until it cools. For canning soft woods the finished wood material in the form of piles, stakes, beams, etc. is impregnated with a hot solution of iron sulfate, dried and then placed in a hot soluble glass bath. In this bath, the chemical process immediately begins: A solution of soluble glass forms, with the iron salt previously absorbed by the tree, a water-insoluble iron silicate, which, tightly fitting the outer surface of the material, protects it from destruction, and the iron salt absorbed by the wood cells increases the duration of the tree's resistance. This method has the advantage that it does not impart any odor to the wood, does not change its color and is very cheap. You can also preserve a tree simply fumigation, for which they expose it to smoke for 4-6 weeks. When fumigated throughout the day, an equal result is achieved in half the time. Since the whole process here comes down to producing smoke, mainly green, resinous, gnarled trees are suitable for burning. We must also mention the very interesting experiments of Seidenschnur, which are of great importance for the protection of buildings and wood material from the so-called fungi that infect and corrode wood with extreme speed. Zeidenschnur's experiments established that, freed from its acidic constituents, coal tar oil kills these fungi and is a good prophylactic against the occurrence of such fungi. Contrary to the established opinion that the wood-preserving properties of resin oil made from coal tar depend only on the content of phenol and its homologues in it, Seidenschnur experimentally proved that the presence of acidic substances soluble in sodium lye in the oil is not significant. For testing, oil was extracted from long-impregnated but well-preserved sleepers. The oil was subjected to examination, which confirmed the presence of only high-boiling parts (fractions) and the complete absence of naphthalene and easily volatile, including acidic, constituent substances, which, naturally, disappeared from the sleepers over a certain period of time due to evaporation and leaching by external water. The strength of the sleepers and the absence of signs of any rotting clearly proved that the preservative properties should be attributed exclusively to the presence of neutral, high-boiling substances in the oil, and not at all to its acidic components. As a result, anthracene oil, which consists only of neutral high-boiling substances, is in this regard incomparably better than resin oil, which is rich in acidic components. Zuidenschnur also tested the effect of heavy hydrocarbons in oil in order to determine their properties for preserving wood, and it turned out that after distilling off gasoline, kerosene and diesel distillate, the remaining residue is unsuitable for wood and that wood treated with such a residue is barely stronger than ordinary wood, in no way soaked raw wood. On the contrary, it was discovered that these neutral hydrocarbons, through treatment with sulfur, acquired properties that characterize them as a means that is quite suitable for the rapid destruction of fungi that corrode trees and is a good preservative composition, in its effect 15-20 percent inferior to anthracene oil. Pennsylvania crude mineral oil, Texas crude oil, and various grades of Russian crude oil have also been tested and treated with sulfur. These oils were heated to approximately 150 °C, up to 2% sulfur was added and the temperature was increased to 280 °C, and a large amount of sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide volatilized already at 170-210 °C. The distillate passing at 210-280 °C is combined with the residues. The mixture forms a pure liquid, soluble in chloroform, benzene and ether. A very suitable raw material for such an antifungal wood preservative is the oil extracted from raw kerosene, known as S-oil. In all countries and areas where the production of resin oils is difficult, S-oil should take the place of resin oil in the manufacture of antifungal and wood preservatives. Used to impregnate wood sulfur and paraffin, which give the tree greater resistance to chemical and physical influences. The first experiments with sulfur were carried out in the United States of America and gave excellent results. Impregnation of wood with sulfur gave an increase in strength and hardness, for example, the tensile strength of pine wood (parallel to the fibers) increased from 5,5 kg to 9,1 kg per cm2. Thus, thanks to the treatment with sulfur, soft wood species are transformed into a dense, durable and chemically inert material. In addition, such wood has high dielectric properties, as well as exceptional polishing ability. One of the impregnation methods is surprisingly simple and does not require any special equipment. The wood intended for processing is immersed in sulfur heated to 140-150 °C. Here the tree remains until all moisture is removed, which occurs within 5-6 hours. Then the wood is transferred (or the temperature of the first bath is lowered) into a sulfur bath with a temperature of 120-125 °C. The end of impregnation is recognized by the cessation of bubble formation. The use of vacuum or pressure speeds up the process, but does not improve the product, since changing the pressure has no effect on the amount of sulfur absorbed by the wood. The amount of sulfur absorbed by wood varies depending on the type of wood. For example, poplar absorbs 76% of sulfur, cypress - 60%, fir - 64%, mahogany - 60-70%, oak - 40%. The duration of impregnation depends on various factors, such as the structure of the wood cell, water content, etc. On average, the entire process lasts 10-12 hours; in some cases the duration reaches 24 hours. Impregnation experiences paraffin were also held in the United States. The reason for this research was the difficulty of obtaining one that is resistant to acids and alkalis. The following tree genera were used in these experiments: pine, spruce, fir, maple and cypress. Paraffin was used either alone or in a mixture with cresol, petroleum jelly, paraffin oil or linseed oil. The best results were obtained by impregnation with paraffin alone. Experiments were carried out on impregnating wood that had previously been dried and from which the soluble constituents had been removed by extraction. Experience has shown that such processing is unnecessary. Practically, paraffin impregnation is carried out as follows. The tree is placed in a paraffin bath heated to 71°C and the temperature is slowly raised (over approximately 30 minutes) to 105°C. Once this temperature is reached, slowly heat again to 135 °C, which lasts approximately three to four hours. When the blistering has completely stopped, the tree is removed from the bath. Paraffin absorption in porous species reaches 120%, in dense lindens - up to 20%. In practice, it has proven useful, after impregnation at high temperatures, to immerse the wood again in a paraffin bath at 71 ° C and leave it there for about 30 minutes. Wood treated in this way exhibits unusually high resistance to acids and alkalis. In this case, special equipment is also not required, only a bath of appropriate size is needed. The disinfecting properties of beech resin oils are known. This material has long been known as a wood preservative. To impregnate wood, fractions of beech resin are used, boiling at temperatures above 180 °C. Author: Korolev V.A.
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