History of world religions. Judaism as a world religion. Sacred Tradition of Judaism (Most Important)

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History of world religions. Judaism as a world religion. Sacred Tradition of Judaism (Most Important)

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22. Judaism as a world religion. Holy Tradition of Judaism

Judaism, along with Christianity and Islam, belongs to the Abrahamic religions, which trace their origins to the biblical patriarch Abraham. Judaism is a world religion, not only in terms of geographical distribution, but also in terms of its horizons. It is a religion for the whole world, not because everyone should become Jews, for the goal of Judaism is absolutely not like that, but based on the conviction that the world belongs to God, and people should behave in accordance with His will.

The main document of Judaism is the Torah. The Torah includes the Decalogue (Ten Commandments) and the "Pentateuch of Moses": the first five books of the Old Testament - the Tanakh. This is the main document of Judaism and the basis of all later Jewish law.

The "Torah" ("Pentateuch of Moses") in the Jewish tradition has another name - the Written Law, because, according to legend, God, through Moses, gave the people the "Torah" (613 commandments of the Law) in scrolls, and the Ten Most Important Commandments ("The Decalogue ") were inscribed by God's finger on stone slabs - tablets. However, the Jews believed that God gave Moses not only the Written Law, but also told him the Oral Law - a legal commentary explaining how laws should be followed in various, including unforeseen, circumstances.

The Mishnah and the Gemara make up the Talmud, the most comprehensive compilation of Jewish law. The Talmud took shape over 9 centuries. It is an encyclopedic complete set of all kinds of prescriptions based on the Tanakh.

The Talmud has two main parts:

1) legislative code "Halacha";

2) “Haggadah” is a collection of folk wisdom of semi-folklore origin.

There are two striking features in the law-making of the Talmud authors; firstly, the desire for the most accurate reading of the "letter of the law"; secondly, the desire for maximum detail of the general legal norm established by the "Torah" - on the basis of foresight and analysis of all conceivable controversial and difficult particular cases that should be regulated by this norm.

Tanakh (Old Testament) is considered in Judaism as a symbolic, deepest Revelation of God about the Universe, the key to which is Kabbalah.

About the Mishna, the oldest part of the Talmud, the Jews said: “If the Torah is the Law of Israel, then the Mishna is the soul of the Law.” Kabbalah, the secret mystical teaching of Judaism, has an even higher rank: it is the soul souls of the Law."

Since mystical studies were considered dangerous for people who were immature and not firm enough in faith, in the Jewish tradition, works on Kabbalah were allowed to be read only by married men over forty years old, who were well acquainted with the Torah and the Talmud.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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