История мировых религий. Даосизм (самое важное)

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История мировых религий. Даосизм (самое важное)

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16. Taoism

One of the most important directions in the development of worldview thought in China, along with Confucianism, was Taoism. Taoism focuses on nature, the cosmos and man, however, these principles are comprehended not in a rational way, by constructing logically consistent formulas, but with the help of direct conceptual penetration into the nature of existence.

In ontological teaching, it is the concept of the path of Tao that is central.

Tao is a concept with the help of which it is possible to give a universal, comprehensive answer to the question of the origin and mode of existence of everything that exists. In principle, it is nameless, it manifests itself everywhere, because there is a "source" of things, but it is not an independent substance or essence.

The ontology of the Tao Te Ching is atheistic because, according to the Tao, the world is in spontaneous, unpredetermined motion.

Everything in the world is on the move, in motion and change, everything is impermanent and finite. This is possible thanks to the already known principles of yin and yang, which are in dialectical unity in every phenomenon and process. The ontological principle of sameness, when a person, as a part of nature from which he emerged, must maintain this unity with nature, is also postulated epistemologically.

Compliance with the "measure of things" is the main life task for a person. Sensory cognition relies only on particulars and "leads a person off-road."

Zhuangzi (369-286 BC), real name Zhuang Zhou, is the most prominent follower and propagandist of Taoism. He individualizes the knowledge of Tao. Fatalism is inherent in Chuang Tzu. He views subjective indifference, first of all, as getting rid of emotions and interest.

The later absolutization of these thoughts brought one of the branches of Taoism closer to Buddhism, which established itself on Chinese soil in IV. in. and especially in the XNUMXth century. n. e.

"Le-zi" is the next of the Taoist texts and is attributed to the legendary philosopher Le Yukou (300th-XNUMXth centuries BC), was written about XNUMX BC. e.

From the point of view of later development, three types of Taoism are generally distinguished: philosophical (tao jia), religious (dao jiao) and immortal Taoism (xian).

Consistently rejecting all the institutions of their contemporary civilization, the Taoists rejected religion in the conventional sense of the term. The Taoists viewed death as a regrouping of certain "seeds" so that a person or part of him becomes a plant or animal or part of them. Taoists developed the theory of the origin of man from lower animals.

If Confucianism is Chinese exotericism, then Taoism is Chinese esotericism.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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