1. Religion in the structure of public consciousness

People and groups of people differ in many heterogeneous features. Some of them are genetically embedded in a person: these are innate signs and do not depend on the will of people - such, for example, are gender, race, mental makeup, abilities. Other signs are socially determined - for example, citizenship, education, profession, social and property status, religious affiliation.

Religion (from Latin religio - piety) is a worldview and attitude, as well as appropriate behavior and specific actions (cult), which are based on the belief in the existence of one or more gods and the supernatural world.

In the circle of these dimensions of a person and society, three features occupy a special place: language, ethnicity (nationality) and confessional affiliation.

Religion, from the point of view of philosophy (more precisely, ontology, whose subject matter is "the most common essences and categories of being"), refers to the categories of the spiritual culture of mankind. This is a form of social consciousness (along with ordinary, or mass, consciousness, language, morality and law, art, science, philosophy, ideology), i.e., a reflection of the world in the consciousness of mankind.

The most essential features in the content of religion can be characterized in terms of semiotics.

Semiotics (from the Greek. semeion - a sign, a sign) allows you to see in religion a way of communication, that is, a communication system that has its own content and its own capabilities to transmit, communicate this content.

In various, internally complex and colorful objects, with many diverse features, properties, characteristics, semiotics makes it possible to single out the main and essential.

The cognitive value of the semiotic approach is as follows:

1) the essential functional aspect of the relevant objects is taken into account - their communicative purpose;

2) in each semiotic object, the plane of content and the plane of expression are distinguished;

3) in each semiotic system, two ontological levels are distinguished:

a) a set of semantic possibilities;

b) the realization of opportunities in specific communicative acts.

With regard to religion, the opposition between a "set of semantic possibilities" and "their realizations in acts of communication" appears as an opposition between a system (a particular religion as a complex of ideas, institutions and organizations) and individual facts of the religious behavior of individuals, individual phenomena, events, processes in a particular the history of the respective religion. Theoretical religious studies include philosophical, sociological and psychological problems of the study of religion.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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