History of world religions. Jewish Religious Philosophy (Most Important)

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History of world religions. Jewish Religious Philosophy (Most Important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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25. Jewish religious philosophy

In the religions of Scripture, preaching early began to fulfill another communicative task - to interpret the "difficult places" of the sacred text. A sermon in the temple always contains, to one degree or another, an interpretation of the Scriptures, since this is the general goal of a sermon - to bring the meaning of the word of God to the minds of people. However, very soon the interpretations go beyond the boundaries of what the oral word of the priest can accommodate.

In Judaism, various commentaries on the "Torah" begin to be compiled even before the canonization of the "Tanakh" ("Old Testament") - in texts that will later become sections and books of the "Talmud".

"Talmud" comprehensively develops the technique of philological commenting on the text, methodically defining and demonstrating 32 methods of interpreting the text with examples. Some of the techniques were associated with the need to eliminate contradictions in the interpretation of the various provisions of the Torah, including by allowing an allegorical word or phrase. Thus, the Talmud and the Jewish school brought up readiness for a non-literal understanding of the word and taught to understand different layers of meaning in one word.

The most famous commentator on Jewish sacred books - Rabbi Shlomo ben Yitzchach, or Rashi for short (1040-1105) - is recognized in Judaism as the greatest Jewish teacher of the Middle Ages. Rashi's commentary on the Torah became the first book printed in Hebrew in 1475 - even before the Torah itself. Knowledge of the "Torah" with Rashi's commentary became the norm of traditional Jewish education and became part of the mandatory weekly reading.

Rashi did more than anyone to make the Talmud accessible to the reader. For 900 years, everyone who studies and publishes the Torah and the Talmud has used his commentaries.

The third of the classic sets of commentaries on the Torah and the Talmud is the Midrash (Hebrew, "interpretation, study"). In the codified version of the Midrash, the individual commentaries are arranged to match the order of the verses in the Torah. Thus, a continuous, verse by verse, interpretation of the entire "Pentateuch of Moses" was created.

Jewish philosophy in the Middle Ages also developed in parallel with Christian and Islamic philosophy, and here, too, the starting points are Neoplatonism and Aristotelianism.

The largest thinker of this movement was Ibn Gebirol. His teaching was one of the most consistent in the Middle Ages. Among the Jewish Aristotelians, the most prominent was Moses ben Maymun. He said that, except for the prophets, no one came as close to the truth as Aristotle.

In the spirit of the ancient Eleatics and Neoplatonists, he argues that truth is not multiple, but one, creates itself, moves and preserves itself.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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