33. "Collector of the Quran" Osman, "Sunnah" of the Prophet Muhammad and hadiths

The first records of individual speeches of the prophet were made during his lifetime. Their complete set was compiled in 655, that is, less than a quarter of a century after the death of the founder of the religion. The final consolidated text of the Koran was established in 856 after studying and selecting a number of lists on the orders of Osman, the son-in-law of Muhammad, chronologically the third caliph of the prophet (Arabic caliph - successor, deputy), who entered the history of Islam as the "collector of the Koran."

For Muslims, in the role of Holy Tradition, designed to supplement and explain the Koran, is the "Sunnah" - the biography of the creator of religion.

There is no story about Mohammed in the Qur'an comparable in biographical content to the Torah's information about Moses or the Gospels about Christ. Meanwhile, it is the life of Muhammad that could constitute a kind of Islamic sacred history and at the same time serve as an example of a righteous life and the struggle for Islam.

In functional terms, the “Sunnah” is a doctrinal source of “second order”, while in terms of content it is a biography of the prophet.

Arabic word sunnah, which has become a designation for the biography of Muhammad and the Islamic Holy Tradition, literally means “path, example, example.” The Sunnah contains stories about the actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.

Expression "observe the sunnah" means to imitate Muhammad, to lead a correct Muslim life.

As a sign of reverence for the "Sunnah", devout Muslims began to call themselves Ahl al-Sunnah, i.e. "people of the Sunnah, or Sunnis." However, the Shiite movements and sects opposing the Sunnis also revere the “Sunna of the Prophet” on a par with the Koran.

In Islam, it is customary to distinguish six main collections of hadith.

The first and main difference between the “main” collections of hadiths and the “non-main” ones is the degree of authority of the narrator.

In Muslim science, a special research discipline has developed - identifying the degree of reliability of hadiths by criticizing the reliability of isnads.

How important the principle of antiquity and the chronology of isnad is is evidenced by the fact that the two main directions in Islam - sunnism и Shiism - differ among themselves in what antiquity the hadiths they recognize as sacred and, therefore, canonical sources of law.

Shiites (from Arabic Shia - "group, party, supporters") recognize only those hadiths that go back to Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Caliph Ali and his two sons. According to these hadiths, only the direct descendants of Muhammad can continue the work of the prophet, protect religion and manage worldly affairs.

For the Sunnis, the circle of sacred collections of hadiths is much wider, and they recognize not only Ali, but also some other caliphs as the legitimate successors of Muhammad.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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