История мировых религий. Зороастризм (самое важное)

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История мировых религий. Зороастризм (самое важное)

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21. Zoroastrianism

Name Zoroastrianism associated with the name Zoroaster (in the Greek transmission - Zaroaster), the prophet of the god Mazda and the founder of religion; the same religion is sometimes called Mazdaism - by the name of the main god Agur Mazda (Lord Omniscient); there is also the term fire worship, since fire was considered the main cleansing element and occupied a central place in the rituals of the Zoroastrians (including their modern followers).

The name of the holy book of Zoroastrianism "Avesta" did not appear at the time of Zoroaster.

Apparently, he was the first in the history of mankind to come to a new, eschatological, vision of the world, i.e. to the perception of the existence of mankind as an expectation of the End of the World, the Last Judgment and eternal life in heaven or hell, depending on the righteousness or sinfulness of everyone's life.

In the person of the ancient God of light and truth, Ahura Mazda, he discovered the one God and Creator and therefore acted as a militant opponent of polytheism. The proximity of the Zoroastrian religion to monotheism is so great that the famous Orthodox theologian A. V. Men was ready to "recognize in Zarathustra a brother and like-minded Israeli prophets, a pagan forerunner of Christ on Iranian soil."

Zoroastrian texts contain one of the most ancient written evidence of how people represented the triad "thought - word - deed". According to Zarathushtra, the word occupies a central, key position in this chain (or, more precisely, in the ring): "it embodies the thought (spirit) and, having magical power, merges, is identified with the deed" (Braginsky).

The highest gods - both Good and Evil - are gods with the power of the Word.

In the history of Zoroastrianism, there were forces and circumstances that did not allow for a long time to consolidate and preserve the teachings of Zarathushtra in writing. The sermons, prayers and sayings of Zarathushtra were memorized for almost a thousand years and passed down from memory in an already dead language. Thus, at least two thousand years lie between the preaching of Zarathushtra and the first recordings of sacred texts! At the same time, the earliest surviving texts belong to an even later time.

Liturgical rhythmic texts, directly related to the name of Zoroaster, were "Ba-ty" (literally songs, chants). This is the oldest part of the sacred book of Zoroastrianism. The millennium of oral existence of the "Avesta" led to the fact that no more than a quarter of its estimated volume has survived. That is why in the history of culture "Avesta" refers to those relatively rare monuments that are incredibly difficult to understand and impossible to fully understand.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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