History of world religions. Subjective-idealistic concept and naturalistic (biologization) concept (most important)

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History of world religions. Subjective-idealistic concept and naturalistic (biologization) concept (most important)

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3. Subjective-idealistic concept and naturalistic (biological) concept

Subjective-idealistic concept explanation of the essence of religion originates in the writings of the German Protestant priest and theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher. The most consistently subjective-idealistic concept was carried out by the representative of pragmatism W. James. James believed that everything that is useful to the individual is true. Since religion is useful for the individual, it means that it is the true form of worldview. Thus, from the point of view of James, religion should be considered as a product of individual consciousness, as spontaneously arising subjective experiences of a person. Modern philosophy of religion tries to avoid the extremes of subjectivism and irrationalism by combining subjective idealism with theology.

Naturalistic (biologizing) concept of religion. According to this concept, religion is born from the internal needs of the human body - its instincts, drives, and physiological reactions.

Psychoanalysis has also created one version of the naturalistic explanation of religion. Sigmund Freud tried to apply psychoanalysis to explain the rise of religion. Freud considered all social phenomena as a system of prohibitions, with the help of which society suppresses a person's hostile desires and his sexual instinct - "libido". In general, Freud considered religious ideas as illusions, acting as "the fulfillment of the most ancient, strongest, obsessive desires of mankind: the secret of their strength lies in the strength of these desires."

Modern neo-Freudians have moved away from Freud's “pansexualism” and tried to synthesize a sociological approach with a psychoanalytic one (socio-Freudianism).

Some psychoanalysts believe that faith in God is necessary for a person. Jung opposed Freud's rationalism and freethinking with a doctrine based on irrationalism and fideism. These methodological attitudes were manifested in his concept of the "collective unconscious", which, in his opinion, is present in the psyche of every person.

The "collective unconscious" contains "archetypes" - certain symbols, ideas and representations that are allegedly characteristic of the entire human race. Among the most important "archetypes" Jung included religious symbols and images. According to Freud, the unconscious is basically that in us that is bad, suppressed - that which is incompatible with the requirements of our culture and our higher self.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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