History of world religions. Ethnicities and religious affiliation (most important)

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History of world religions. Ethnicities and religious affiliation (most important)

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12. Ethnic groups and religious affiliation

The mythological and religious sphere of the primitive world was characterized by variegation and fragmentation. However, primitive religion is not limited to the worship of natural forces.

The recognition of the otherworldly nature of God distinguishes theism from pantheism (identifying God and nature).

In the history of religions and in cultural studies, several main classes, or types, of such religious forms are distinguished - animism, totemism, fetishism, shamanism, polytheism, ancient pantheism. Polytheistic and pantheistic religions are practiced in many countries of the modern world.

Animism (from lat. anima, animus - soul, spirit) is a belief in the existence of souls and spirits.

Totemism - this is the belief of the tribe in its relationship with a plant or animal.

Фетишизм (from the French fetiche - an idol, a talisman) - a cult of inanimate objects.

The phenomenon of shamanism is sometimes seen as the development of an individual principle in the religious practice of the ancients. A person with "special mystical and occult talent" stood out from the team of fellow tribesmen, who, in the ecstasy of a trance, became a clairvoyant and medium.

All manifestations of belief in the supernatural can be called a fideistic attitude to the world, or fideism (from Latin fides - faith). The new religions had books that contained the Revelation of God.

Around the new religions, their sacred books, apostles, supra-ethnic cultural and religious worlds are emerging that go beyond the boundaries of ethnic and state associations.

In the history of culture, the languages in which this or that creed was expounded and subsequently canonized began to be called "prophetic".

There are few such languages. Among the Hindu peoples, the first cult language was the Vedic language. The apostolic languages of the Christian peoples of Europe are Greek and Latin, among the Orthodox Slavs and Romanians - Church Slavonic.

The uniqueness of linguistic situations in the Middle Ages was largely due to the existence of supra-ethnic religions with their special languages, which in most cases did not coincide with local folk languages.

Confessional supra-ethnic languages created sufficient opportunities for communication within the boundaries of their cultural and religious worlds. The communicative significance of supra-ethnic languages becomes especially evident if we take into account another essential feature of the linguistic situations of the Middle Ages - the strong dialect fragmentation of languages.

In general, in the Middle Ages, the dependences between religions and languages were especially diverse and deep. In comparison with modern culture, the Middle Ages are characterized by a closer and more biased attention to the word. These are all traits of the cultures that developed from the religions of Scripture.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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