History of world religions. Holy Fathers of the Church and Patristics, Scripture or Tradition (the most important)

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History of world religions. Holy Fathers of the Church and Patristics, Scripture or Tradition (the most important)

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27. Holy Fathers of the Church and Patristics, Scripture or Tradition

According to Christian biblical studies, the New Testament (actually the Christian part of the Holy Scriptures) was written by four evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) and the apostles James, John, Judas and Paul, i.e. eight people (Apostle John the Theologian, author of two "Epistles "and" Revelations "and the author of the Gospel of John - one and the same person). In the hierarchy of Christian authorities, the authors of the New Testament occupy the top place, since the apostles were direct disciples and messengers of Jesus Christ and knew him personally. They were the most accurate in conveying what Christ taught.

But Christianity expanded in cities and countries, gradually turning from a persecuted sect into a state religion, the Christian church was built and strengthened, the doctrine developed intensively and in different directions. The reference ipse dixit - "said himself" - should have been extended from the apostles to new authors. They began to be called church fathers or holy fathers of the church, and their works - patristic works, or patristics (lat. rater - father). This is how the second (after the apostles and evangelists) circle of Christian authorities - the church fathers - emerged, and the patristic writings became the second most important (after the Holy Scriptures) body of Christian doctrinal texts - the Holy Tradition.

The pinnacle of Eastern patristics are the works of the so-called Cappadocian circle (XNUMXth century) of theologians and poets - Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and Gregory of Nyssa.

The most prominent representative of Latin patristics was Augustine Aurelius, recognized by subsequent tradition as the "teacher of the West."

The Byzantine theologian St. John of Damascus and Pope Gregory the Great, the initiator of the Christianization of England.

Two main lines are clearly visible in the development of patristics.

Firstly, official church definitions, rules of church service, rules for pastors and laity, as well as conciliar rules for understanding the most important and difficult verses in Holy Scripture were developed.

Secondly, there was a kind of extensive development of the doctrine; Christian essays were written on the main branches of medieval humanitarian knowledge.

As a result, a contradiction arose between the status and role of Holy Scripture and Holy Tradition.

Orthodox theology upholds the equal value of Scripture and Tradition, while considering Scripture as part of Tradition.

It is no coincidence that the most important principles of Protestantism were the priority of Scripture over Tradition, the availability of Scripture to the laity, including women, the translation of Scripture into the vernacular, the right of everyone to interpret and understand Scripture in their own way.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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