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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
How did the Peloponnesian War unfold? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the Peloponnesian War unfold? The Peloponnesian War was generated by the accumulation and aggravation of internal contradictions in the slave society of ancient Greece, which were based on the uneven development of its regions. The first incident that precipitated the outbreak of war occurred far from Corinth, Sparta and Athens in the colony of Epidamna and on the island of Corfu. A democratic revolution took place in Epidamnus. The oligarchs who fled the city launched an attack on Epidamnus. The Corinthians helped Epidamnus, but because of this, Corkyra came out against them. Kerkyra joined the First Athenian Naval League, which was a violation of the peace concluded in the past between this and the Peloponnesian League. Democratic Athens helped the Ker oligarchs against their common enemy - oligarchic Corinth, which in turn helped the Epidamnian democrats. Thus, the economic interests of Corinth and Athens prevailed over their political sympathies. The second incident followed immediately after the first. Events unfolded in Pontdey. Megara took the side of Corinth. Both policies energetically persuaded Sparta to start military operations against Athens. Then a third incident arose: the Athenian people's assembly approved the Megarian psephism - a special decision declaring a boycott of the Megarian merchant ships in all the harbors of the members of the First Athenian Maritime Union. Archdate War 431-421. BC e. Under pressure from Corinth and Megara, military action against Athens was launched by the Spartans under the command of King Archidamus II, who developed a plan for waging war, taking into account the Spartans' superiority on land. Therefore, the war was called the Peloponnesian war, and its first period was called Archidamic. Given the economic and political situation in Attica, Archidamus expected to ruin its agriculture and, as a result, sentiment against Pericles and the urban demos of the rural demosatic peasants who supported him. The Athenians opposed the Spartan plan of warfare developed by Pericles. The Athenians proceeded from the superiority of their navy. The contradictions that caused the Peloponnesian war were still unresolved. The forces of the opponents were approximately equal. The war, limited to the Balkan Peninsula and nearby islands, did not lead to significant results. The irregular blockade of the Peloponnesian fleet by the Athenian fleet did not weaken the Peloponnesian alliance. The trade and craft strata of the Athenian demos were not satisfied with the draw of the war. The developed slave-owning economy required the expansion of the territories controlled by Athens, so the tendencies to resume the war are again reviving. Alcibiades, a relative of Pericles, becomes the head of the supporters of the expansionist policy. He proposed a plan to conquer the rich and populous island of Sicily. By 415 B.C. e. The Athenians equipped about 260 warships and cargo ships and over 32 thousand hoplites, sailors and oarsmen under the command of Alquiades and Nicias. In 414 B.C. e. the Athenian fleet was destroyed. The ground army was forced to capitulate, surrounded by the combined forces of the Syracusans and Spartans. Dhekelian War (413-404 BC). Almost simultaneously with the death of the Athenian army and fleet in Sicily, the Spartans invaded Attica and occupied the point of Dekeleia. They set up their base here to conduct constant military operations against the Athenians and cut off communications with the island of Euboea, from where food was delivered to Attica. In 411 B.C. e. an oligarchic revolution took place in Athens itself. The oligarchs promised the war-weary population of Attica to negotiate peace with oligarchic Sparta. Negotiations with Sparta were unsuccessful, as the Spartans demanded the liquidation of the Athenian ofhe. In 404 B.C. e. The Spartans entered Athens and the Ofhe were dissolved. Athens was included in the Peloponnesian League. Democracy was replaced by oligarchy. The fierce internecine war, which lasted with a short break for 27 years, ended with the victory of the backward Sparta over the much more economically and politically developed Athens. The Athenian democratic government made a number of mistakes, among which the Sicilian expedition was especially grave. But Sparta, even after the catastrophe of the Athenians in Sicily, was able to defeat Athens only with the financial assistance of Persia. Thus, the international situation also contributed to the defeat of Athens. But the roots of Athens' failures were also laid in the limitations of Athenian democracy. The socio-economic development that brought to life the XNUMXst Athenian Maritime Union required broad unification, the continuation of polis limitations, but the XNUMXst Athenian Maritime Union failed to overcome it. The Peloponnesian War greatly weakened the whole of Greece, undermined its economic potential. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What happened to animals during the Ice Age? The Ice Age is a time in the history of the Earth, when huge masses of ice that moved in from the north covered vast regions of the earth's surface. In that era, a thick layer of ice occupied most of North America, Europe and western Siberia. When did it happen? The process, which lasted a very long time, began about 1 years ago. When did the ice age end? It is different in different regions of the Earth. In the north of Europe in Russia, for example - just a few millennia ago. However, in some regions it continues to this day: Greenland is still almost entirely covered with ice. The icy desert stretched over an area of millions of square kilometers. In Europe, its border passed through the territory of modern England, Germany, Romania, and the south of Russia. With the approach of powerful glaciers, most of the animals had to go south. Those who could not withstand the new cold climate either moved to warmer regions or died out. The wild animals that now live in the territories that have undergone this ordeal are just a pitiful remnant of the rich animal life that existed there before the onset of the ice age. Man has managed to adapt to the changing climate. Perhaps the cold snap even played a significant role in the development of his mental abilities, since, in order to survive in more difficult conditions, he had to show ingenuity and resourcefulness. Plants also migrated to the south, away from the onset of cold weather. Some of them returned when the glaciers melted, but many species simply disappeared from the face of the Earth.
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