История мировых религий. Христианская богословская мысль и догматическое богословие (самое важное)

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История мировых религий. Христианская богословская мысль и догматическое богословие (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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28. Christian theological thought and dogmatic theology

In Christianity, theological theory was developed to a much greater extent than in other theistic religions (Judaism and Islam).

Of course, Christianity was a powerful generator of theological knowledge. The mysterious and paradoxical world of Christian ideas, its living connections and disputes with Judaism and Greco-Roman polytheism - all this gave rise to many questions, and even more conflicting answers.

An additional factor in the development of theology in early Christianity was the fight against heresies. In addition, the development of theology in Christianity, as in the history of other religions, was stimulated by the mystical search for religiously gifted individuals. Theology is one of the secondary formations in relation to faith and Holy Scripture.

The first theologian after the apostles, the Christian Church calls St. Irenaeus, a contemporary of the Apostle John and Bishop of Lyons, who was martyred in 202.

Tertullian (160-220), presbyter of Carthage, was the first to formulate the principle of the trinity of God and introduced the concept of the persons of the Trinity. Tertullian was the first to define what the seven deadly sins were. This list (pride, greed, fornication, envy, anger, gluttony, laziness) was approved by church councils, entered into the initial Christian teaching of the law of God.

Origen (185-253 or 254) headed the Christian school in Alexandria, and after the church condemnation - in Palestine (in the city of Caesarea), however, in the VI century. was declared a heretic. Origen proved the inevitability of complete salvation, merging with God of all souls and the temporality of hellish torments.

St. Augustine developed an ontological proof of the existence of God. The name of Augustine is associated with the beginning of religious intolerance in Christianity.

Pope Gregory the Great (c. 540-604) went down in history as an outstanding church organizer and politician. In the field of theology, the doctrine of purgatory is associated with his name.

However, already in early Christianity, the rapid development of theology was met with intra-confessional restrictions and prohibitions.

Those doctrinal positions, judgments or opinions that were recognized by the Ecumenical Councils as universally binding Christian truths of the "first rank" received the status of dogmas, and their systematic exposition and justification constituted the subject of a special theological discipline - dogmatic theology.

A brief set of basic dogmas is the Creed - the main text, repeating which believers testify to their Christian faith. The Christian Church has always been cautious about the free discussion of dogmas.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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