History of world religions. Jainism (most important)

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History of world religions. Jainism (most important)

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19. Jainism

In the middle of the XNUMXst millennium BC. e. great changes begin to take place in the Old Indian society. Agrarian and handicraft production, trade are developing significantly, property differences between members of individual varnas and castes are deepening, the position of direct producers is changing.

Traditional Vedic ritualism and old, often primitive mythology do not correspond to the new conditions. A number of new doctrines are emerging, fundamentally independent of the ideology of Vedic Brahmanism, rejecting the privileged position of the Brahmins in the cult and approaching the question of a person's place in society in a new way.

Mahavira Vardhamana is considered the founder of Jainism.

The Jain teaching existed for a long time only in the form of an oral tradition, and a canon was compiled relatively late (in the XNUMXth century AD). The Jain doctrine, in which religious speculation is mixed with philosophical reasoning, proclaims dualism. The essence of a person's personality is twofold - material (ajiva) and spiritual (jiva). The connecting link between them is karma, understood as subtle matter, which forms the body of karma and enables the soul to unite with gross matter.

Jains developed the concept of karma in detail and identified eight types of different karmas, which are based on two fundamental qualities. Evil karmas negatively affect the main properties of the soul. Good karmas keep the soul in the cycle of rebirths. Jains believe that a person, with the help of his spiritual essence, can control and manage the material essence. The liberation of the soul from the influence of karma and samsara is possible only with the help of austerity and the performance of good deeds.

An integral part of the Jain canon are also various speculative constructions, for example about the ordering of the world. The cosmos, according to Jains, is eternal, it was never created and cannot be destroyed. Ideas about the ordering of the world come from the science of the soul, which is constantly limited by the matter of karma. The souls that are most burdened with it are placed the lowest and, as they get rid of karma, gradually rise higher and higher until they reach the highest limit.

It contains, among other things, mythological legends that relate to the life and accomplishments of individual tirthankaras, and legends associated with the personality of Vardhamana, and descriptions of the underworld and the middle world (our Earth).

Over the course of time, two directions were formed in Jainism, which differed, in particular, in their understanding of asceticism.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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