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Immunity saves tattoos

11.03.2018

Our skin is regularly updated, and this applies not only to the epidermis, in which the replacement of old cells with new ones takes only a month, but also to a deeper layer - the dermis. But if the skin is renewed, then why do tattoos stay on it for so long?

To understand why the tattoo pigment doesn't fade away as the skin renews itself, researchers from the French Institute INSERM tattooed the tails of mice and observed how the skin cells behave.

When ink gets into the skin during tattooing, it attracts the attention of macrophage immune cells. Their function is to eat everything alien and potentially dangerous. Pigment particles are also perceived by macrophages as something that should neutralize, and absorb them. But the macrophages themselves don't live very long either. It would seem that after the death of the macrophage, the paint that was in it can now come off along with the dying particles of the skin.

However, this "orphan" paint is picked up by other macrophages that have replaced the dead ones. In the experiment, mice a few weeks after the tattoo were given an injection that killed all macrophages in the skin (without harm to the health of animals) - however, the tattoo remained in place: new cells came to where it was and absorbed the paint that was found in the intercellular space of the dermis .

In another experiment, a piece of tattooed skin was transplanted from one mouse to another, and after six weeks, all the dye that was in the transplanted skin passed from the cells of one mouse (donor mouse) to the cells of another. According to the authors of the work, immune macrophages are the only cells in the skin that can absorb tattoo pigment, and tattoos remain on the skin for so long precisely because of this ability, and also because macrophages pick up the paint left after dead cells.

It is known that many people would like to reduce their tattoos, but now it takes quite a long time to erase a tattoo. It is possible that the process can be accelerated if macrophages on the tattooed area of the skin are purposefully destroyed for a while - of course, doing this in such a way as not to damage the immune system as a whole.

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