History of world religions. Apophatic tendencies in the Talmud. Judaism Creed (Most Important)

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History of world religions. Apophatic tendencies in the Talmud. Judaism Creed (Most Important)

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23. Apophatic tendencies in the Talmud. Judaism creed

In Judaism, theology as a theoretical doctrine of God began to develop after the addition of the religious canon. This is the natural logic of the deployment of religious content: faith is strengthened by knowledge.

After the tragic defeat of the Jews in two anti-Roman uprisings (66-73 and 132-135), the task of the book "strengthening the faith" was recognized in Judaism as a kind of spiritual overcoming of the catastrophe, giving hope for the revival of the Jewish people. The rabbis of the "great assembly" bequeathed to subsequent generations of scribes "to erect a fence around the law," and this defense of the doctrine was seen precisely in its theological development.

In the Talmud, the theological component proper was relatively small and not entirely separated from the endlessly detailed legal and explanatory commentary on the Torah.

Apophatic theology (from the Greek apophatikos - negative) comes from the complete transcendence of God (that is, his transcendence in relation to the world and inaccessibility to human knowledge).

Cataphatic theology (kataphatikos - positive) allows for the possibility of characterizing God with positive definitions and designations.

The name of the God of the Jews, Yahweh, is not strictly speaking in the Bible. The name Yahweh (Jehovah) arose in the XIII-XV centuries. among Christian theologians who studied the Old Testament in the original. According to legend, God revealed his true name only to Moses.

In the "Talmud" there are no longer those numerous characterizing names-epithets of God, with which the "Tanakh" abounds.

After the Talmud, Jewish theology develops in the works of many generations of scholars, including the outstanding thinker of the 1878th century. Martin Buber (1965-XNUMX), humanistic mystic and existentialist.

The most famous Jewish thinker of the Middle Ages is Moses Maimonides. Maimonides systematized and supplemented the methods of interpretation of the Torah developed in the Talmud. For example, such turns of Scripture as the finger of God, etc., Maimonides taught to understand not literally, but figuratively, since God, of course, does not have physical flesh.

The genre idea, the very idea of the Creed belongs to Christianity, and, strictly speaking, only in Christianity the term symbol of faith quite organic. However, apparently, in every religion, especially in a religion that is attentive to the word and to the structure of its teaching, there are analogues of the Creed - a specially composed text summarizing the most important truths of the faith, read as a sign of fidelity to the teaching. Scholars who grew up in a Christian culture tend to call such texts Articles of faith, although in the religions themselves (specifically in Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Islam) these texts were called differently.

Authors: Pankin S.F., Mortova E.A.

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