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Liquid nitrogen will help the development of space tourism

25.03.2001

A new way of fueling the reusable spacecraft (RSSC) may soon make space tourism quite affordable.

The secret of the new technology is to get liquid oxygen directly from the atmosphere. The proposed refueling system, called "Alchemist", will allow an aircraft comparable in size to a Boeing 777 aircraft to take off from a conventional airfield.

Since up to 90% of the launch weight of space shuttles is fuel, this method of refueling will lead to a significant reduction in launch costs.

Taking off the vehicle without oxygen on board also cuts the launch weight in half and makes launch safer, since contact between oxygen and hydrogen is eliminated. At an altitude of about 8 km, the apparatus patrols for 3 hours, liquefying the oxygen in the air.

Oxygen from the aircraft turbine enters two heat exchangers - in the wing and in the fuselage. After KKMI collects 340 tons of oxygen, more than doubling its weight, it already takes off like a rocket to the upper edge of the atmosphere. After that, the orbital compartment is separated, and the launch stage lands on Earth. At the end of the flight program, the orbital compartment also performs a landing.

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brain temperature 08.06.2022

Scientists from the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Medical Research Council in Cambridge were able to measure the temperature of the human brain.

Forty volunteers aged 20-40 years were recruited, whose brains were scanned in the morning, afternoon and late evening using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At the same time, an activity monitoring device was attached to the wrist of the participants in the experiment, which makes it possible to take into account differences in genetics and lifestyle - the biological clocks of "owls" and "larks" work differently.

The temperature of the organ varies depending on the region of the brain, age, gender, time of day and the menstrual cycle in women.

The average brain temperature was 38,5 degrees, more than two degrees above the temperature measured under the tongue.

The surface of the brain was generally colder, while the deeper structures of the brain were often warmer than 40 degrees (the record during the study was 40,9 degrees).

The temperature of the brain constantly changed depending on the time of day by almost one degree, while the highest was observed during the day, and the lowest was at night.

It is noteworthy that, on average, the female brain was 0,4 degrees warmer than the male.

Experts believe that this gender difference is most likely due to the menstrual cycle, since most of the participants in the study were scanned in the post-ovulatory phase of their cycle: their brain temperature was about 0,4 degrees higher than that of women who were in the pre-ovulation phase.

The temperature of the brain increased with the age of the participants, especially in the deep regions of the brain.

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