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What criteria were used to periodize the history of modern times? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What criteria were used to periodize the history of modern times? Modern times open the most important historical epoch in the history of Western civilization, when in the course of the most complex socio-political processes its modern appearance was gradually formed. The term "new history" appeared in social and political thought as early as the Renaissance, when, while comprehending the development of human civilization, humanist thinkers proposed a three-part division of history (ancient, medieval, and new). This concept is firmly entrenched in historical science. To date, new history is understood as the process of formation and establishment of bourgeois relations as the basis of Western civilization. The new historical period has its own periodization, which reflects the changes taking place in society during this period of time. Historians of different schools interpret the question of the periodization of modern history in different ways. In Russian historiography, its beginning is associated with the English Revolution, which broke out in the middle of the XNUMXth century. and became a vivid symptom of the crisis of feudal relations. This revolution became the starting point of a broader process - the modernization of English society, which created the basis for the industrial revolution. This process, in turn, created the economic foundation of the future industrial society. And the fact that England entered this path earlier than others ensured her unconditional and long-term leadership in world affairs, which continued until the XNUMXth century. England has become a kind of standard, which was equal to all other countries that were on the periphery of Western civilization. Of course, modernization (the transition of society to a more developed state) is a long and complex process, during which, on the basis of industrialization, changes cover all aspects of society: the economy, politics, and spiritual life. Thanks to the completion of the industrial revolution, manual labor is mechanized, technological processes are becoming more complex, and the division of labor is deepening. In the political field, modernization is manifested in the democratization of state and public life. The power of kings and emperors is limited by constitutions and parliaments, and in a number of countries the republican state system wins. The principles of the rule of law and civil society are being strengthened, and individual rights are being expanded. In the field of culture, the process of modernization leads to the strengthening of the rational principles of life, the further secularization of consciousness. In the course of modernization, the birth and development of an industrial society takes place. It should be emphasized that the process of destruction of traditional society was uneven. In England and France, the formation of an industrial society took place evolutionarily in Germany, Italy, the USA due to targeted reforms, in countries far from the center (Latin America, Spain), modernization processes spread very limitedly. The English Revolution marked the beginning of modern European history. But in historiography no less debatable is the question of determining its upper limit. In Soviet times, the point of view prevailed, according to which the period of modern history ended in 1917, when a socialist revolution took place in Russia, which opened a new era in the development of mankind. Domestic historians proceeded from the theory of imperialism developed by V. I. Lenin, which substantiated the inevitability of the transition to a more perfect and just type of society - socialism. But real life turned out to be more complex and diverse than it seemed at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. New factors appeared that had an exceptionally serious impact on the development of Western civilization. It turned out that bourgeois society has not exhausted in the twentieth century. reserves for further progress. On the other hand, the building of a socialist society also encountered many problems along the way. Therefore, at the present stage, the upper limit of modern history ends at the turn of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. - the period when the entry of the leading Western countries into the phase of industrial society was basically completed. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Why is water added when cooking pasta and potatoes? Salt water boils at a temperature slightly higher than 100°C. In this case, the products are cooked faster.
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