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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Okra (okra, edible abelmosh, gombo). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Okra (okra, edible abelmosh, gombo), Abelmoschus esculentus. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Abelmosh (Abelmoschus) Family: Malvaceae (Malvaceae) Origin: Africa, India, South Asia Area: Okra is common in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, America and Australia. Chemical composition: Okra contains a rich variety of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants. In addition, it contains mucus, which can be used as a natural thickener in the food industry. Economic value: Okra is an important cultivated plant that finds uses in the food industry and cooking. Its fruits can be used in various dishes such as stews, soups, salads and snacks. In addition, okra seeds can be used as a coffee substitute. In horticulture, okra is grown as an ornamental plant for its beautiful flowers and leaves. Okra is also prescribed in medicine for the treatment of various diseases due to its antioxidant properties and ability to lower blood cholesterol levels. Legends, myths, symbolism: In some African countries, okra is considered a symbol of female beauty and health. There is also a legend that okra was given to people by God because of its healing properties and the ability to help people overcome illnesses. In other cultures, okra was used as an amulet or talisman that protected its wearer from evil spirits and disease. In India, okra was considered a symbol of prosperity and wealth.
Okra (okra, edible abelmosh, gombo), Abelmoschus esculentus. Description, illustrations of the plant Okra (edible abelmosh, okra, gombo), Abelmoschus esculentus var. Hibiscus esculentus L. Classification, synonyms, botanical description, nutritional value, cultivation
Names: fr. gombo, gombaud, ketmie comestible, calalon, guiabo, guingombo, okra; English okra; it. ibisco; Spanish gombo; German Quimbombo, Quimgombo, Kimgombo. An annual plant with a weakly branching taproot, a thick straight branched stem of dark green or light green (sometimes with anthocyanin pigment) color, covered with frequent hairs. The plant reaches 30-250 cm in height. The leaves are simple, alternate, large, 5-7-lobed or palmate-separate, pubescent, light or dark green in color. Petioles are long (up to 15-17 cm), pubescent. Stipules linear-lanceolate, 2-3 cm long, deciduous. Flowers solitary, large, on short pubescent pedicels. Subchalice of 8-10 linear subulate leaflets. The corolla is five-lobed, fused at the base, the petals are yellow, cream or almost orange, with a large crimson spot at the base. The fruit is a 5-11-sided box 5 cm. The seeds are round, dark green, olive, dark gray, naked or with brown pubescence. The plant is quite drought-resistant, but even in conditions of relatively high humidity it develops quite normally. It grows on various soils, but prefers lighter ones. Since seedlings appear only at a temperature of + 12-15 ° C and the plant does not tolerate frosts, sowing is done before the last spring frosts (when beans or cucumbers are sown in open ground). Okra is sown in rows with a distance between rows of 60 cm and in rows - 30-40 cm. It can also be sown in a square way, reducing the distance between rows and slightly increasing in rows. The plant is resistant to the first light frosts in autumn. Flowering is very extended, especially in tall varieties. Early ripening varieties ripen 90 days after sowing, and late ones - only after 150-160 days or more. Okra is an optional self-pollinator. As a vegetable plant, it is cultivated in the south (in Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Crimea). The author had to grow okra (using seedlings) near Moscow. Young ovaries at the age of 3-5 days after flowering are eaten fresh, boiled or fried and as seasonings for other dishes (especially meat and soups). Young ovaries are pickled and dried; unripe seeds can replace green peas. View Hibiscus esculentus L. Divided into eight varieties: 1) var. sanguineus Berland. The plant has anthocyanin coloration of the stem, branches, leaves, petioles and fruits. Leaves 5-7-dissected; fruits are elongated; naked seeds. Comes from Western Syria; 2) var. dissect if olius Medv. Plants are green and branched. The leaves are strongly dissected, especially in the upper tier; fruits are elongated; seeds naked; 3) var. nobilis Berland. Plants have 5-7-segmented leaves. Fruits without protruding ribs, long, pointed, soft and hard pubescent. The seeds are naked. Homeland - North America. This variety includes the variety White cylindrical 127; 4) var. elongatus Berland. Plants are light green. Leaves 5-7 separate, pubescent; fruits are elongated, light green; naked seeds. Comes from Asia Minor and Central Asia. This variety belongs to the variety Tall 100; 5) var. macrocarpus Medv. Plants are tall, branched. Leaves 5-7-separate, pubescent; fruits are large (up to 30 cm long), multifaceted, pointed. From Asia Minor; 6) var. vulgaris Berland. Plants are medium or short, dark green or green. Leaves 5-7-lobed; fruits are shortened, thick; naked seeds. Originally from Asia Minor and Central Asia. 7) var. Zhukcwskii Berland. Plants differ from the previous variety in the pubescence of seeds. Comes from Central Asia; 8) var. Vavilovii Berland. Plants are green, slightly pubescent. Leaves are inseparable, lobed; fruits are long; naked seeds. Homeland - Asia Minor. Author: Ipatiev A.N.
Okra (okra, gombo), Hibiscus esculentus. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
3-5-day-old ovaries are used for food, which are used in boiled, fried and dried form. Vegetable soup is prepared from the fruits, used as a seasoning and garnish for meat. The fruits are dried, ground to make okra flour and canned. Fruits contain dry matter up to 14%, sugar - up to 5%, protein - 3,8% and vitamin C - 22 mg / 100 g. Okra fruit is a traditional export of Sudan and Egypt. In the early spring period, the main buyers are Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, etc. Okra flour, which is also highly valued, is prepared by drying and grinding young ovaries. The center of origin is Africa, where varieties belonging to 6 varieties are known in culture. Cultivated primarily in arid zones during the dry period. Okra is cultivated mainly in peasant farms of tropical, subtropical and semi-desert regions of Africa. This culture is widespread in India, Iran, Pakistan. The stem of the okra is thick, branched, woody at the base, up to 2,5 m tall, in varieties of the common variety (var. vulgaris L.) - 30-45 cm. Taproot, up to 1,5 m long, slightly branched. The fruit is a 5-11-sided box, often with pubescence. Okra, okra, or gombo (Hibiscus esculentus L.) is an annual vegetable plant of the Malvaceae family. Okra is a heat-loving plant, very drought-resistant. Okra is cultivated on fertile floodplain soils, with mandatory irrigation during the dry period. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 20-22 °C, for growth - 22-25 °C, and during the period of fruit ripening for seeds - up to 30 °C. Seeding pattern: 60-120 cm between rows and 25-30 cm in a row. Seeding rate - up to 25 kg/ha. Care is normal for row crops. Cleaning is daily, multiple times. Productivity up to 10 t/ha. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Okra (okra). Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
The herbaceous annual okra is a plant that reaches an average of about 50 cm in height. The main stem of the okra is thick, strong and branched, covered with light green large leaves, five- or seven-lobed, with slight pubescence on the surface. The flowers of the plant appear in spring almost close to the stem, in the axils of the leaves. The pedicels are very short and pubescent, and the flowers themselves are large, solitary, yellowish-cream in color. The fruits of okra are also formed in the axils of the leaves. They look like elongated pyramid-shaped boxes, slightly reminiscent of green capsicum. In length, the fruits can reach 25 cm, on top they are covered with small thin hairs. Okra bears fruit from August to November, so it makes sense to look for it in stores in the fall. On sale, the vegetable is found not only under the name of okra and okra, but also under the name gombo, edible abelmosh or "lady fingers". In all cases, we are talking about the same product. Under natural conditions, okra grows in India, Africa and in the southern regions of North America. But it is artificially cultivated in European countries and in Russia, for example, in the Stavropol and Krasnodar regions. Growing okra is associated with certain difficulties, since exotic okra is used to growing in the tropics and reacts sensitively to cold snaps. Okra can reach a height of two meters. Although there are dwarf varieties that grow no more than 50 centimeters. The size of the fruit also depends on the variety of the plant. It can reach a maximum of 25 centimeters, and the minimum is 10 centimeters. The okra stem is very thick and may have several branches at the base (up to 7 stems). The leaves of the plant are large, painted in light or dark green. Okra flowers are large, yellowish-cream. They are in single order. The most important advantage of this plant is its fruits. To understand what this unusual vegetable is - okra, try to imagine a hybrid of zucchini, chili pepper and bean pod. An annual plant, reaching a height of 40 cm to 2 meters (under favorable climatic conditions and proper cultivation), with a thick stem, on which many branches are located, with light green, wide, carved leaves. The value and composition of vitamins in okra. In cooking and other areas, okra is highly valued. The reason for this is its diverse and useful chemical composition. The fruits of the plant contain: vitamins B6, B5, B9, B1 and B2; vitamins A and K; tocopherol and vitamin PP; choline and beta-carotene; ascorbic acid; calcium and potassium; iron; cellulose; silicon and phosphorus; manganese and copper; zinc; ash. Mostly okra consists of carbohydrates, about 7 g per serving of the product per 100 g. Another 2 g is occupied by proteins, and only 0,1 g is allocated to fats in the composition. There are 100 kcal in 31 g of fresh okra. Okra is completely harmless to the figure and is considered very useful in dietary nutrition, it does not provoke weight gain, but effectively helps to get rid of toxins. Growing. It is possible to grow this tropical plant on a site located in the middle lane, but special conditions must be provided. Firstly, fertile loose soil is suitable for this plant, and secondly, it will be necessary to grow okra in the middle lane using the seedling method. In March, special seedling boxes should be prepared and seeds should be sown in them. After that, the boxes should be covered with a dense plastic film. After fifteen days, the first shoots of okra will begin to appear, which will gradually become stronger and leaves will appear on them. These first leaves should be dived into small containers. It is necessary to grow seedlings only in a greenhouse, since okra is considered a heat-loving plant. The air must be humidified by 70%, the air temperature in the greenhouse should not be below 20 degrees. Okra, like tomatoes, must be tied up as they grow. Okra has numerous properties that make the vegetable valuable for dietary and medicinal uses. Namely: improves the overall tone of the body and helps fight chronic fatigue; prevents the development of depression; has a beneficial effect on the respiratory system and is beneficial in asthma; regulates blood sugar levels and helps maintain proper metabolism; protects vision and helps to cure inflammation of the eyes; regulates the vascular system and equalizes pressure in hypertension; improves the functioning of the reproductive system in men and women. The composition contains a large amount of folic acid. Therefore, okra is recommended for use in pregnant women, especially in the early stages. Okra not only saturates the woman's body with vitamins and valuable minerals, but also contributes to the proper development of the baby. Folic acid is responsible for the normal formation of the brain and nervous system of the embryo and reduces the risk of intrauterine abnormalities. An exotic vegetable, okra is used in several areas, in cooking, as well as for treatment and personal care. The valuable properties of okra bring great benefits to the body when used internally and externally.
Okra (okra). reference Information
This vegetable crop belongs to the mallow family. Its homeland is the tropical regions of Africa. Even today in the Antilles, it grows in the wild under natural conditions. But as a cultivated plant, okra is grown in America, Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe. Okra is a herbaceous annual heat-loving and drought-resistant plant. It has a very powerful root system, in wild varieties growing in nature, the tap root penetrates into the depth of the soil by 1-1,5 m. There is a wide variety of cultivated species of edible hibiscus, the aboveground height of which varies from 30-40 cm (short, dwarf varieties) to 2 m (tall varieties). The thick stem at the base is covered with sparse but very stiff hairs. It branches and as a result the plant takes the form of a bush, consisting of 3-7 stems. As the stem grows, it may become woody, although in some varieties it remains green with pubescence along its entire length. It is this green okra that is grown in the south of our country. The okra leaves also have pronounced pubescence. They are large 5-7 lobed heart-shaped or rounded plates, the color of which can be dark or light green. They are attached to the stem with long petioles. Blooming abelmosh will become a bright decoration of the garden, vegetable garden. Its flowering period is very long. From the beginning of summer until the very end of autumn, more and more single buds appear in the axils of the leaves, opening with large funnel-shaped flowers. They have short, also pubescent pedicels and petals from pale lemon to beige, cream. Varieties are self-pollinated and cross-pollinated. In any case, after pollination and withering of the flower, a fruit is formed in its place - an elongated octagonal (pyramidal) multi-seeded box with a pointed end, outwardly resembling pepper pods. The fruits, as well as the rest of the plant, are covered with fine hairs. Rounded or elongated on small stalks, they together reach up from the leaf axils. In some varieties, the length of the box can reach 25 cm, although the standard size does not exceed 10 cm. On a transverse section, the fruits have a beautiful star-shaped shape. They are densely packed with fast-maturing seeds. It takes only 4-5 days and they become tasteless, fibrous. In fresh, frozen or canned form, okra can increasingly be seen on supermarket shelves and markets. Edible hibiscus fruits, original in their form, also have a rich chemical composition. They contain a large amount of protein, vitamins C and B, pectin, organic acids, mineral salts, carbohydrates, carotene, mucous substances. Okra seeds contain more than 20% oil, similar in composition and taste to olive oil. Fruits, as well as other parts of the plant, are practically not used in folk and official medicine. However, the vegetable is used in the cuisines of various peoples of the world and dishes with it are often part of various diets. Dishes with okra are recommended for pregnant women, especially in the first trimester. This is an excellent tool for weight loss, recovery after heavy surgical interventions, after exhaustion. The vegetable strengthens the walls of capillaries, cleanses the body of cholesterol, helps with constipation, and reduces the risk of cataracts. According to data obtained in the course of scientific research, it prevents the occurrence of rectal cancer, helps in solving problems associated with potency. Despite its ancient origin in Europe, okra is rarely grown, although some sources claim that even 100 years ago it grew in every garden. Today, most of the fruits of edible hibiscus are supplied to the world market by India, almost 70% of the total world production. If the northern regions of okra is an exotic plant that can be grown in film greenhouses, seedling greenhouses, then in the south it can also grow in open ground. The plant is often compared with eggplant, because the care of these plants is almost the same. In the southern regions, where the earth warms up quickly enough, seeds can be sown directly into the soil. 60-70 cm are left between the rows, in a row the holes are made 4 cm deep at a distance of 30-35 cm, dropping 2 seeds into each at once. After the emergence of seedlings, this happens after 10-14 days, the weaker sprout is carefully pinched without pulling out or weeding it out so as not to damage the roots of the remaining seedling. For the same reason, in order to avoid damage to the root system, when growing by seedling, 2 seeds are planted in each germination container (peat pot), one of which is then also carefully pinched. Seedlings are planted in the soil at the age of 40 days directly in pots. For active growth, the plant needs a temperature of at least 15-20 ° C. If it is still cool outside, then a protective film can be pulled over the bed. By this time, the seedling reaches a height of 10-15 cm. When planting, humus and mineral fertilizers are introduced into each hole, which contributes to their rapid rooting. Plant care. The rules for caring for seedlings and adult plants do not depend on the method of growing seedlings. The main activities are timely watering, loosening the soil, removing weeds and applying fertilizers, organic and potassium-phosphorus. Over time, the bushes grow and block the access of the sun to the soil. The soil is kept constantly moist and weeds stop growing. The number of waterings is reduced, increasing their abundance. Experts recommend to carry out the formation of a bush. This can be done in two ways: break out the stepchildren that appear on the stem, they “take away” nutrients and moisture from the main shoot, thereby inhibiting its growth, and few fruits appear on them; shorten (pinch) the top of the main shoot, stimulating the growth of side shoots on which fruits will form. Which method more effectively leads to an increase in the yield of the bush can be determined empirically. Diseases. The plant can be affected by all those fungal diseases that are characteristic of mallow plants. So that seedlings, adult plants are not exposed to them, they are soaked in a solution of some antimicrobial drug before planting the seeds. The soil is poured with the same solution, into which seeds are then sown, seedlings are planted. Sick plants, as well as the soil around them and the nearest bushes, are sprayed with special means. With a strong defeat, they are removed from the garden, and then burned. Black leg is a disease that affects seedlings as a result of excessive waterlogging. This problem can be avoided by more careful observance of irrigation regimes, timely ventilation of the greenhouse. Rust - it is characterized by the appearance of yellow spots on leaves, buds. Brown tubercles are visible on the underside of the leaves - clusters of spores. Plants affected by rust die. Powdery mildew - manifests itself in the form of a whitish coating on the leaves. The growth and development of the plant slows down. Affected leaves are removed from the bush and burned. When growing okra, try to follow the following agrotechnical rules: observe crop rotation, okra bushes grow best in those areas where cucumbers were grown last year; do not thicken the planting so that the soil under the bushes is well ventilated; for the same purpose, the leaves touching the surface of the earth are carefully removed; weed out weeds; feed in a timely manner. To provoke the defeat of edible hibiscus bushes with fungal diseases can be a lack of potassium-phosphorus fertilizers and an excess of nitrogen.
Pests. Most often, aphids, thrips, cabbage scoops settle on okra. The first two types of pests feed on the sap of the plant, which leads to a delay in its growth, development, weakening of flowering and fruiting. In addition, thrips leave behind holes on the leaves, inside of which fungal spores can get. The bollworm is a caterpillar that feeds on fruits and leaves not only of okra, but also of other vegetables growing nearby. To get rid of insects and for preventive purposes, it is necessary to spray plantings with pesticides. Modern preparations have low toxicity and are not dangerous for the environment. Some of them decompose within 2-3 days, after which the fruits can already be used for cooking. Fruiting. 2-2,5 months after planting, the first flowers appear on the bushes, and after a week the gardener can harvest the first crop and enjoy exotic vegetables. Depending on the growing area, it is possible to collect fruits from abelmosh bushes until the deepest autumn. The growth of bolls slows down only when the ambient temperature drops. Fruit color can be dark, light green, or even red. If you plan to re-cultivate okra, then the very first pods are best left until fully ripe, so that later the seeds can be used as planting material. Harvesting. Since all parts of the plant have pubescence in the form of small and hard hairs that cause irritation when in contact with the skin, not only harvesting, but also other care procedures, must be carried out with gloves, and the pods should be cut from the plants with a sharp pruner. Harvesting should be done systematically and regularly. Being late with the harvest for 2-3 days, you risk losing part of the crop. The boxes will harden and become inedible. In addition, the constant collection of pods leads to the formation of new buds, further active flowering, the appearance of fruits, and an increase in yield. In the southern regions, the pods are harvested every other day, in the central regions of our country - after 4-5 days. Harvested vegetables should be used within the next 2-3 days. You can prolong the freshness of the pods by carefully wrapping them in plastic wrap and placing them in the vegetable section of the refrigerator. For longer storage, they are subjected to quick freezing, drying or canning. At the end of the growing season, in late autumn, some gardeners harvest the roots of the plant. They are dug up, washed and dried, for the subsequent preparation of decoctions, infusions, which are then used as medicines. Use in cooking. Nutritious exotic vegetable tastes like young zucchini or asparagus beans. It can be eaten fresh, fried, stewed, baked, marinated, added to side dishes, salads, soups, stuffed or used as an independent dish. Okra goes well with fish, meat, ham, hot red peppers, onions, tomatoes. In India, abelmosh fruit is added to curry sauce. Depending on the variety, fruits (pods) can be: smooth, almost varnished; or covered with stiff hairs, the same as the rest of the plant. Such "fluffy" fruits are pre-treated before cooking. In some cases, it may be sufficient to wipe the skin with a soft cloth to remove the hairs and cut off the stalk along with the adjacent sepals. In other varieties, the skin of the pods itself is quite rough, tough. So that it does not spoil the dish, it must be carefully removed. This is not difficult to do if you first scald the fruits with boiling water. The process of frying, boiling or stewing does not take much time. It takes only a few minutes to prepare the dish. At the same time, the beneficial substances contained in fresh fruits do not have time to collapse. Dark green, grey-brown or even black grains of okra resemble peas in appearance. Some housewives prepare an analogue of green peas from young seeds, although the taste of the dish is somewhat different from the original. Ripened seeds are also used. After roasting and grinding, they are used to prepare a tonic drink - a coffee substitute. It does have a chocolate-coffee flavor, but it doesn't contain caffeine. The indigenous people of Africa call it Coffee Gombo.
Okra (okra, edible abelmosh, gombo), Abelmoschus esculentus. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
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Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Okra (okra, edible abelmosh, gombo), Abelmoschus esculentus. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a thermophilic plant that can be grown in most warm climates. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing okra: Cultivation:
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